-
1 encontrado
Del verbo encontrar: ( conjugate encontrar) \ \
encontrado es: \ \el participioMultiple Entries: encontrado encontrar
encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo 1 no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover 2 (+ compl): lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous; ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you? encontrarse verbo pronominal 1 ( por casualidad) encontradose con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq) 2 ( recípr) ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq) 3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across; 4 (frml) ( estar) to be; el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
encontrado,-a adjetivo opposed: tienen intereses encontrados, they have conflicting interests
encontrar verbo transitivo
1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste ' encontrado' also found in these entries: Spanish: encontrada - hallazgo - hojear - quien English: conflicting - find - footprint - niche - worth - might - somewhere -
2 encontrar
encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo 1 no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover 2 (+ compl): lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous; ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you? encontrarse verbo pronominal 1 ( por casualidad) encontrarse con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq) 2 ( recípr) ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq) 3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across; 4 (frml) ( estar) to be; el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
encontrar verbo transitivo
1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste ' encontrar' also found in these entries: Spanish: acertar - aparecer - aterrizar - atinar - colocarse - desconocer - discografía - fórmula - hallar - horma - mariposear - parte - buscar - dar - encuentra - esquivo - solución - ver English: bear - difficulty - dig around - discover - find - fit in - flesh - forgetful - get - grade - housekeeper - intensify - intimate - locate - lodging - loophole - pent-up - replacement - scrabble - speed up - store up - strike - traceable - trail - try - be - come - encounter - explain - fumble - high - meet - run - seek - solve - spot - stumble - time - word - work -
3 encuentra
Del verbo encontrar: ( conjugate encontrar) \ \
encuentra es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativoMultiple Entries: encontrar encuentra
encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo 1 no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover 2 (+ compl): lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous; ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you? encontrarse verbo pronominal 1 ( por casualidad) encuentrase con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq) 2 ( recípr) ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq) 3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across; 4 (frml) ( estar) to be; el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
encuentra,◊ encuentras, etc see encontrar
encontrar verbo transitivo
1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste ' encuentra' also found in these entries: Spanish: ancha - ancho - chimenea - encontrarse - actualmente - ambiente - desaparecido - encontrar English: disorderly - flagship - lie - much - poorly - retrace - unfulfilling - Downing Street - match -
4 encuentro
Del verbo encontrar: ( conjugate encontrar) \ \
encuentro es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativoMultiple Entries: encontrar encuentro
encontrar ( conjugate encontrar) verbo transitivo 1 no le encuentro lógica I can't see the logic in it ‹cáncer/quiste› to find, discover 2 (+ compl): lo encuentro ridículo I find it ridiculous; ¿cómo encontraste el país? how did the country seem to you? encontrarse verbo pronominal 1 ( por casualidad) encuentrose con algn to meet sb, bump into sb (colloq) 2 ( recípr) ( por casualidad) to meet, bump into each other (colloq) 3 ( enf) ( inesperadamente) ‹billete/cartera› to find, come across; 4 (frml) ( estar) to be; el hotel se encuentra cerca de la estación the hotel is (located) near the station
encuentro sustantivo masculinob) (Dep) (period) game
encontrar verbo transitivo
1 (algo/alguien buscado) to find: no encuentro el momento adecuado para decírselo, I can't find the right time to tell him
2 (tropezar) to meet: encontré a Luisa en el cine, I met Luisa at the cinema
encontrarás serias dificultades, you'll come up against serious difficulties
3 (considerar, parecer) lo encuentro de mal gusto, I find it in bad taste
encuentro sustantivo masculino
1 meeting: fue un encuentro imprevisto, it was a chance meeting
2 Dep match: perdieron el encuentro, they lost the match ' encuentro' also found in these entries: Spanish: algo - cita - constreñir - desmejorada - desmejorado - disponer - disputar - encontrar - enferma - enfermo - fugacidad - griposa - griposo - inesperada - inesperado - molesta - molesto - momento - perfectamente - reñida - reñido - resultar - accidental - afortunado - aparte - distinto - fatal - fortuito - fuera - ninguno - ocasional - pareja - sentido - vez English: anywhere - appointment - assignment - casual - close - drawback - encounter - find - fixture - focal point - international - meeting - missing - rendezvous - spectator - be - bout - meet - myself -
5 modular data center
модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
-
[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
[ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]
Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.
В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.
At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.
В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.
Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.
Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.
Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.
Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?
If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.
One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:
The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:
Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.
А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.
This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 designЭто заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколенияAre you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.
It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.
From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.
Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:
Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.
С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.
Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.
Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.
Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.
Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.
Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.
Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
Мы все подвергаем сомнениюIn our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.
В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
Серийное производство дата центров
In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД
And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
Строительство дата центров без чиллеровWe have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.
Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.
By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.
Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.
Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.
Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
Gen 4 – это стандартная платформаFinally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.
Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:
Scalable
Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
Rapid deployment
De-mountable
Reduce TTM
Reduced construction
Sustainable measuresНиже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:
Расширяемость;
Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
Быстрота развертывания;
Возможность демонтажа;
Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
Сокращение сроков строительства;
Экологичность;Map applications to DC Class
We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!
Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.
Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.
Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!
На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.
Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designsТак что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центровWe thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.
Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.
It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.
Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.
We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.
Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.
No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.
Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.
As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.
Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.
This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.
Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.
Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center
-
6 look
look [lʊk]coup d'œil ⇒ 1 (a) regard ⇒ 1 (c) air ⇒ 1 (d) mode ⇒ 1 (e) regarder ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a) chercher ⇒ 3 (b) écouter ⇒ 3 (c) avoir l'air ⇒ 3 (d) chercher à ⇒ 3 (f) beauté ⇒ 41 noun∎ to have or to take a look (at sth) jeter un coup d'œil (sur ou à qch), regarder (qch);∎ would you like a look through my binoculars? voulez-vous regarder avec mes jumelles?;∎ one look at him is enough to know he's a crook on voit au premier coup d'œil que c'est un escroc;∎ it's worth a quick look ça vaut le coup d'œil;∎ we need to take a long hard look at our image abroad il est temps que nous examinions de près notre image de marque à l'étranger;∎ did you get a good look at him? vous l'avez vu clairement?;∎ did the mechanic have a proper look at the car? est-ce que le mécanicien a bien regardé la voiture?;∎ and now a look ahead to next week's programmes et maintenant, un aperçu des programmes de la semaine prochaine;∎ do you mind if I take a look around? ça vous gêne si je jette un coup d'œil?;∎ we'll just have a quick look round the garden nous allons jeter un coup d'œil dans le jardin;∎ we had a look round the town nous avons fait un tour dans la ville;∎ I took a quick look through the drawers j'ai jeté un rapide coup d'œil dans les tiroirs∎ to have a look for sth chercher qch;∎ have you had a good look for it? est-ce que tu as bien cherché?;∎ have another look cherche encore∎ a suspicious/nasty/angry look un regard soupçonneux/mauvais/méchant;∎ she gave me a dirty look elle m'a jeté un regard mauvais;∎ you should have seen the looks we got from passers-by! si tu avais vu la façon dont les passants nous regardaient!;∎ we were getting some very odd looks on nous regardait d'un drôle d'air;∎ he didn't say anything, but if looks could kill! il n'a pas dit un mot, mais il y a des regards qui tuent!(d) (appearance, air) air m;∎ he had a strange look in his eyes (expression) il avait un drôle de regard;∎ the old house has a neglected look la vieille maison a l'air négligé;∎ she has the look of a troublemaker elle a une tête à faire des histoires;∎ she has the look of someone who's going places elle a l'air de quelqu'un qui réussira dans la vie;∎ by the look or looks of her, I'd say she failed the exam à la voir ou rien qu'en la voyant, je dirais qu'elle a raté son examen;∎ it has the look of a successful marriage cela a l'air d'un mariage heureux;∎ there's trouble brewing by the look of it or things on dirait que quelque chose se trame;∎ I quite like the look of the next candidate j'aime assez le profil du prochain candidat;∎ I don't like the look of it ça ne me dit rien de bon ou rien qui vaille;∎ I didn't like the look of her at all son allure ne m'a pas du tout plu;∎ I don't like the look of the weather le temps a l'air inquiétant∎ the sporty/punk look le look sportif/punk∎ look who's coming! regarde qui arrive!;∎ look who's talking! tu peux parler, toi!;∎ look what you've done/where you're going! regarde un peu ce que tu as fait/où tu vas!∎ to look one's last on sth jeter un dernier regard à qch;∎ to look sb up and down regarder qn de haut en bas, toiser qn du regard;∎ to look sb (full or straight) in the face regarder qn (bien) en face ou dans les yeux;∎ I can never look her in the face again je ne pourrai plus jamais la regarder en face∎ look, there's Brian! regarde, voilà Brian!;∎ what's happening outside? let me look qu'est-ce qui se passe dehors? laissez-moi voir;∎ have you cut yourself? let me look tu t'es coupé? montre-moi ou laisse-moi voir;∎ go on, nobody's looking vas-y, personne ne regarde;∎ they crept up on me while I wasn't looking ils se sont approchés de moi pendant que j'avais le dos tourné;∎ I'm just looking (in shop) je regarde;∎ look and see if there's anyone there regarde voir s'il y a quelqu'un;∎ if you look very carefully you can see a tiny crack in it si tu regardes bien, tu verras une toute petite fissure;∎ look this way regardez par ici;∎ to look into sb's eyes regarder qn dans les yeux;∎ she looked along the row/down the list elle a parcouru la rangée/la liste du regard;∎ he was looking out of the window/over the wall/up the chimney il regardait par la fenêtre/par-dessus le mur/dans la cheminée;∎ to look on the bright side voir les choses du bon côté;∎ to look over sb's shoulder regarder par-dessus l'épaule de qn; figurative surveiller ce que fait qn;∎ to look the other way détourner les yeux; figurative fermer les yeux;∎ proverb look before you leap = il faut réfléchir deux fois avant d'agir∎ you can't have looked hard enough tu n'as pas dû beaucoup chercher(c) (in imperative → listen, pay attention) écouter;∎ look, I can't pay you back just yet écoute, je ne peux pas te rembourser tout de suite;∎ now look, Paul, I've had enough of this! bon écoute, Paul, ça suffit maintenant!;∎ look here! dites donc!(d) (seem, appear) avoir l'air;∎ to look old avoir l'air ou faire vieux;∎ to look ill avoir l'air malade, avoir mauvaise mine;∎ to look well (person) avoir bonne mine;∎ that looks delicious! ça a l'air délicieux!;∎ you look or are looking better today tu as l'air (d'aller) mieux aujourd'hui;∎ how do I look? comment tu me trouves?;∎ you look absolutely stunning in that dress tu es vraiment ravissante dans cette robe;∎ it makes him look ten years older/younger ça le vieillit/rajeunit de dix ans;∎ he's 70, but he doesn't look it il a 70 ans mais il n'en a pas l'air ou mais il ne les fait pas;∎ I can't hang the picture there, it just doesn't look right je ne peux pas mettre le tableau là, ça ne va pas;∎ it looks all right to me moi, je trouve ça bien;∎ how does the situation look to you? que pensez-vous de la situation?;∎ that's not how it looks to the man in the street ce n'est pas comme ça que l'homme de la rue voit les choses;∎ things will look very different when you leave school les choses te sembleront très différentes quand tu quitteras l'école;∎ it'll look bad if I don't contribute ça fera mauvaise impression si je ne contribue pas;∎ things are looking black for the economy les perspectives économiques sont assez sombres;∎ the crops look promising la récolte s'annonce bien;∎ she's not as stupid as she looks elle est moins bête qu'elle n'en a l'air;∎ I must have looked a fool j'ai dû passer pour un imbécile;∎ to make sb look a fool or an idiot tourner qn en ridicule;∎ he makes the rest of the cast look very ordinary à côté de lui, les autres acteurs ont l'air vraiment quelconques;∎ to look like sb/sth (resemble) ressembler à qn/qch;∎ she looks like her mother elle ressemble à sa mère;∎ what does she look like? (describe her) comment est-elle?; (she looks a mess) non mais, à quoi elle ressemble!;∎ it looks like an oil refinery ça ressemble à une raffinerie de pétrole, on dirait une raffinerie de pétrole;∎ I don't know what it is, but it looks like blood je ne sais pas ce que c'est, mais on dirait ou ça ressemble à du sang;∎ it looks like rain on dirait qu'il va pleuvoir;∎ it looks (to me) like he was lying j'ai l'impression qu'il mentait;∎ is this our room? - it looks like it c'est notre chambre? - ça m'en a tout l'air;∎ the meeting looked like going on all day la réunion avait l'air d'être partie pour durer toute la journée;∎ you look as if you've seen a ghost on dirait que tu as vu un revenant;∎ it looks as if Natalie's going to resign Natalie a l'air de vouloir démissionner;∎ it looks as if he didn't want to go il semble qu'il ne veuille pas y aller;∎ it doesn't look as if they're coming on dirait qu'ils ne vont pas venir;∎ you're looking good tu as l'air en forme;∎ he looks good in jeans les jeans lui vont bien;∎ that hat looks very good on you ce chapeau te va très bien;∎ it'll look good on your CV ça fera bien sur ton curriculum ou CV;∎ things are looking pretty good here les choses ont l'air de se présenter plutôt bien ici(e) (face → house, window)∎ to look (out) onto a park donner sur un parc;∎ to look north/west être exposé au nord/à l'ouest∎ to be looking to do sth chercher à faire qch;∎ she'll be looking to improve on her previous best time elle cherchera à améliorer son meilleur temps;∎ we're looking to expand our export business nous cherchons à développer nos exportations;∎ I'm not looking to cause any trouble je ne veux pas causer de problèmes∎ (beauty) she's got everything - looks, intelligence, youth... elle a tout pour elle, elle est belle, intelligente, jeune...;∎ he's kept his looks il est resté beau;∎ looks don't matter l'apparence ne compte pas;∎ she's got her mother's looks elle a la beauté de sa mère;∎ he's lost his looks il n'est plus aussi beau qu'avant(a) (take care of) s'occuper de;∎ my mother's looking after the kids/the cat this weekend ma mère va s'occuper des enfants/du chat ce week-end;∎ she has a sick mother to look after elle a une mère malade à charge;∎ you should look after your clothes more carefully tu devrais prendre plus grand soin de tes vêtements;∎ he helps me to look after the garden il m'aide à m'occuper du jardin;∎ figurative look after yourself! fais bien attention à toi!;∎ you're well looked after on s'occupe bien de vous;∎ the car has been well looked after la voiture est bien entretenue;∎ don't worry, he can look after himself ne t'inquiète pas, il est capable de se débrouiller tout seul(b) (be responsible for) s'occuper de;∎ they look after our interests in Europe ils s'occupent de nos affaires en Europe(c) (watch over) surveiller;∎ can you look after my bag for a couple of minutes? tu peux surveiller mon sac deux minutes?regarder vers l'avenir;∎ looking ahead three or four years dans trois ou quatre ans;∎ let's look ahead to the next century/to next month's meeting pensons au siècle prochain/à la réunion du mois prochain∎ she looked at herself in the mirror elle se regarda dans la glace;∎ they looked at each other ils ont échangé un regard;∎ oh dear, look at the time! oh là là, regardez l'heure!;∎ just look at you! (you look awful) mais regarde-toi donc!;∎ it's not much to look at ça ne paie pas de mine;∎ she's not much to look at ce n'est pas une beauté;∎ he's not much to look at il n'est pas très beau;∎ you wouldn't think, to look at him, that he's a multi-millionaire à le voir on ne croirait pas avoir affaire à un multi-millionnaire;∎ I haven't looked at another woman in the last forty years en quarante ans, je n'ai pas regardé une autre femme;∎ just look at the mess we're in! regarde les ennuis qu'on a!(b) (consider) considérer;∎ look at the problem from my point of view considérez le problème de mon point de vue;∎ that's not the way I look at it ce n'est pas comme ça que je vois les choses;∎ they won't even look at the idea ils refusent même de prendre cette idée en considération;∎ if you don't have money, he won't even look at you si vous n'avez pas d'argent, il ne vous regardera même pas;∎ familiar my brother can't even look at an egg mon frère ne supporte pas ou déteste les œufs∎ could you look at the tyres? pouvez-vous regarder les pneus?;∎ to have one's teeth looked at se faire examiner les dents;∎ familiar you need your head looking at! ça va pas, la tête?détourner les yeux(a) (in space) regarder derrière soi;∎ she walked away without looking back elle est partie sans se retourner∎ there's no point in looking back ça ne sert à rien de regarder en arrière;∎ the author looks back on the war years l'auteur revient sur les années de guerre;∎ it seems funny now we look back on it ça semble drôle quand on y pense aujourd'hui;∎ we can look back on some happy times nous avons connu de bons moments;∎ figurative after she got her first job she never looked back à partir du moment où elle a trouvé son premier emploi, tout lui a réussiregarder en bas; (in embarrassment) baisser les yeux;∎ we looked down on or at the valley nous regardions la vallée en dessous(despise) mépriser∎ go and look for him allez le chercher;∎ she's still looking for a job elle est toujours à la recherche d'un emploi;∎ are you looking for a fight? tu cherches la bagarre?∎ it's not the result we were looking for ce n'est pas le résultat que nous attendions(to the future) regarder vers l'avenirattendre avec impatience;∎ we're looking forward to the end of term nous attendons la fin du trimestre avec impatience;∎ I'm looking forward to the weekend vivement le week-end!;∎ to look forward to doing sth être impatient de faire qch;∎ I'm looking forward to seeing her again (eager) il me tarde de la revoir; (polite formula) je serai heureux de la revoir;∎ I look forward to meeting you je serai heureux de faire votre connaissance;∎ see you on Saturday - right, I'll look forward to it à samedi alors - oui, c'est entendu;∎ I'm not exactly looking forward to going je n'ai pas vraiment envie d'y aller;∎ they had been looking forward to this moment for months cela faisait des mois qu'ils attendaient cet instant;∎ I look forward to hearing from you soon (in letter) dans l'attente de votre réponse;∎ I'm not looking forward to the operation la perspective de cette opération ne m'enchante guère(b) (pay a visit) passer;∎ to look in on sb rendre visite à ou passer voir qn;∎ I'll look in again tomorrow je repasserai demain;∎ he looked in at the pub on the way home il s'est arrêté au pub en rentrant chez lui(c) (watch TV) regarder la télévisionexaminer, étudier;∎ it's a problem that needs looking into c'est un problème qu'il faut examiner ou sur lequel il faut se pencher➲ look onconsidérer;∎ I look on him as my brother je le considère comme mon frère;∎ to look on sb/sth with favour/disfavour voir qn/qch d'un œil favorable/défavorableregarder;∎ the passers-by just looked on les passants se sont contentés de regarder➲ look out∎ British I'll look that book out for you je te chercherai ce livre;∎ have you looked out those photos to give me? est-ce que tu as trouvé les photos que tu devais me donner?(b) (room, window)∎ the bedroom looks out on or over the garden la chambre donne sur le jardin(c) (be careful) faire attention;∎ look out, it's hot! attention, c'est chaud!;∎ you'll be in trouble if you don't look out tu vas t'attirer des ennuis si tu ne fais pas attentionAmerican (take care of) prendre soin de(a) (be on watch for) guetter;∎ I'll look out for you at the station je te guetterai à la gare;∎ look out for the sign to Dover guettez le panneau pour Douvres;∎ she's always looking out for bargains elle est toujours à la recherche ou à l'affût d'une bonne affaire;∎ you have to look out for snakes il faut faire attention ou se méfier, il y a des serpents∎ to look out for oneself penser à soi;∎ you've got to look out for number one! chacun pour soi!(glance over) jeter un coup d'œil sur; (examine) examiner, étudier(museum, cathedral, factory) visiter; (shop, room) jeter un coup d'œil dans(a) (look at surroundings) regarder (autour de soi);∎ I'm just looking round (in shop) je regarde;∎ I'd rather look round on my own than take the guided tour je préférerais faire le tour moi-même plutôt que de suivre la visite guidée;∎ I looked round for an exit j'ai cherché une sortie(b) (look back) regarder derrière soi, se retourner(a) (window, screen) regarder à travers(b) (book, report) jeter un coup d'œil sur ou à, regarder∎ he looked straight through me il m'a regardé comme si je n'étais pas là∎ it's best to look to an expert il est préférable de consulter un expert ou de demander l'avis d'un expert;∎ don't look to her for help ne compte pas sur elle pour t'aider;∎ they are looking to us to find a solution to this problem ils comptent sur nous pour trouver une solution à ce problème∎ he should look to his reputation il devrait veiller à sa réputation;∎ look to it that discipline is properly maintained veillez à ce que la discipline soit bien maintenue➲ look up(a) (in reference work, directory etc) chercher;∎ look the word up in the dictionary cherche le mot dans le dictionnaire∎ look us up when you're in New York passe nous voir quand tu seras à New York(a) (raise one's eyes) lever les yeux∎ things are looking up for the economy les perspectives économiques semblent meilleuresconsidérerrespecter, avoir du respect pour✾ Play ✾ Film 'Look back in Anger' Osborne, Richardson 'La Paix du dimanche' (pièce), 'Les Corps sauvages' (film)ⓘ Here's looking at you kid Ce sont les mots que prononce Rick Blaine, le personnage incarné par Humphrey Bogart dans le film Casablanca (1942), lorsqu'il dit adieu à la femme qu'il aime, jouée par Ingrid Bergman. Aujourd'hui on utilise souvent cette phrase en référence au film lorsque l'on porte un toast à quelqu'un. -
7 run
run [rʌn]course ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) excursion ⇒ 1 (c) trajet ⇒ 1 (e) vol ⇒ 1 (f) série ⇒ 1 (i), 1 (k) tendance ⇒ 1 (l) ruée ⇒ 1 (m) diriger ⇒ 2 (a) organiser ⇒ 2 (b) (faire) marcher ⇒ 2 (c), 3 (k) courir ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a), 3 (b) transporter ⇒ 2 (i) conduire ⇒ 2 (k) (faire) passer ⇒ 2 (l), 2 (m), 3 (d) se sauver ⇒ 3 (c) couler ⇒ 3 (h), 3 (i) fondre ⇒ 3 (i) circuler ⇒ 3 (l) durer ⇒ 3 (m) être à l'affiche ⇒ 3 (n) (se) présenter ⇒ 2 (q), 3 (r)1 noun∎ he took a short run and cleared the gate après un court élan il a franchi la barrière;∎ at a run en courant;∎ to go for a run aller faire du jogging;∎ to go for a 5-mile run ≃ courir 8 kilomètres;∎ I took the dog for a run in the park j'ai emmené le chien courir dans le parc;∎ two policemen arrived at a run deux policiers sont arrivés au pas de course;∎ to break into a run se mettre à courir;∎ to make a run for it prendre la fuite, se sauver;∎ the murderer is on the run le meurtrier est en cavale;∎ she was on the run from her creditors/the police elle essayait d'échapper à ses créanciers/à la police;∎ we've got them on the run! nous les avons mis en déroute!;∎ figurative we have the run of the house while the owners are away nous disposons de toute la maison pendant l'absence des propriétaires;∎ we give the au pair the run of the place nous laissons à la jeune fille au pair la libre disposition de la maison;∎ you've had a good run (for your money), it's time to step down tu en as bien profité, maintenant il faut laisser la place à un autre;∎ they gave the Russian team a good run for their money ils ont donné du fil à retordre à l'équipe soviétique;∎ familiar to have the runs (diarrhoea) avoir la courante∎ a charity run une course de charité∎ we went for a run down to the coast nous sommes allés nous promener au bord de la mer;∎ she took me for a run in her new car elle m'a emmené faire un tour dans sa nouvelle voiture;∎ humorous shall I make or do a beer run? je vais chercher de la bière?;∎ I do the school run in the morning c'est moi qui emmène les enfants à l'école tous les matins(d) (for smuggling) passage m;∎ the gang used to make runs across the border le gang passait régulièrement la frontière(e) (route, itinerary) trajet m, parcours m;∎ the buses on the London to Glasgow run les cars qui font le trajet ou qui assurent le service Londres-Glasgow;∎ he used to do the London (to) Glasgow run (pilot, bus or train driver) il faisait la ligne Londres-Glasgow;∎ it's only a short run into town le trajet jusqu'au centre-ville n'est pas long;∎ there was very little traffic on the run down nous avons rencontré très peu de circulation∎ bombing run mission f de bombardement∎ to make 10 runs marquer 10 points(h) (track → for skiing, bobsleighing) piste f(i) (series, sequence) série f, succession f, suite f;∎ they've had a run of ten defeats ils ont connu dix défaites consécutives;∎ the recent run of events la récente série d'événements;∎ a run of bad luck une série ou suite de malheurs;∎ you seem to be having a run of good/bad luck on dirait que la chance est/n'est pas de ton côté en ce moment;∎ the play had a triumphant run on Broadway la pièce a connu un succès triomphal à Broadway;∎ the play had a run of nearly two years la pièce a tenu l'affiche (pendant) presque deux ans;∎ to have a long run (of fashion, person in power) tenir longtemps; (of play) tenir longtemps l'affiche;∎ in the long/short run à long/court terme(j) (in card games) suite f∎ a run of fewer than 500 would be uneconomical fabriquer une série de moins de 500 unités ne serait pas rentable(l) (general tendency, trend) tendance f;∎ to score against the run of play marquer contre le jeu;∎ I was lucky and got the run of the cards j'avais de la chance, les cartes m'étaient favorables;∎ the usual run of colds and upset stomachs les rhumes et les maux de ventre habituels;∎ she's well above the average or ordinary run of students elle est bien au-dessus de la moyenne des étudiants;∎ the ordinary run of mankind le commun des mortels;∎ in the ordinary run of things normalement, en temps normal;∎ out of the common run hors du commun∎ the heatwave caused a run on suntan cream la vague de chaleur provoqua une ruée sur les crèmes solaires;∎ a run on the banks un retrait massif des dépôts bancaires;∎ Stock Exchange there was a run on the dollar il y a eu une ruée sur le dollar(n) (operation → of machine) opération f;∎ computer run passage m machine(o) (bid → in election) candidature f;∎ his run for the presidency sa candidature à la présidence(p) (ladder → in stocking, tights) échelle f, maille f filée;∎ I've got a run in my tights mon collant est filé(q) (enclosure → for animals) enclos m;∎ chicken run poulailler m(r) (of salmon) remontée f(a) (manage → company, office) diriger, gérer; (→ shop, restaurant, club) tenir; (→ theatre) diriger; (→ farm) exploiter; (→ newspaper, magazine) rédiger; (→ house) tenir; (→ country) gouverner, diriger;∎ she runs the bar while her parents are away elle tient le bar pendant l'absence de ses parents;∎ a badly run organization une organisation mal gérée;∎ the library is run by volunteer workers la bibliothèque est tenue par des bénévoles;∎ the farm was too big for him to run alone la ferme était trop grande pour qu'il puisse s'en occuper seul;∎ who's running this outfit? qui est le patron ici?;∎ I wish she'd stop trying to run my life! j'aimerais bien qu'elle arrête de me dire comment vivre ma vie!∎ to run a bridge tournament/a raffle organiser un tournoi de bridge/une tombola;∎ they run evening classes in computing ils organisent des cours du soir en informatique;∎ they run extra trains in the summer l'été ils mettent (en service) des trains supplémentaires;∎ several private companies run buses to the airport plusieurs sociétés privées assurent un service d'autobus pour l'aéroport(c) (operate → piece of equipment) faire marcher, faire fonctionner; Computing (program) exécuter, faire tourner;∎ you can run it off solar energy/the mains vous pouvez le faire fonctionner à l'énergie solaire/sur secteur;∎ this computer runs most software on peut utiliser la plupart des logiciels sur cet ordinateur;∎ Aviation to run the engines (for checking) faire le point fixe;∎ I can't afford to run a car any more je n'ai plus les moyens d'avoir une voiture;∎ she runs a Porsche elle roule en Porsche(d) (conduct → experiment, test) effectuer(e) (do or cover at a run → race, distance) courir;∎ to run the marathon courir le marathon;∎ I can still run 2 km in under 7 minutes j'arrive encore à courir ou à couvrir 2 km en moins de 7 minutes;∎ the children were running races les enfants faisaient la course;∎ the race will be run in Paris next year la course aura lieu à Paris l'année prochaine;∎ to run messages or errands faire des commissions ou des courses;∎ he'd run a mile if he saw it il prendrait ses jambes à son cou s'il voyait ça;∎ it looks as if his race is run on dirait qu'il a fait son temps∎ to be run off one's feet être débordé;∎ you're running the poor boy off his feet! le pauvre, tu es en train de l'épuiser!;∎ to run oneself to a standstill courir jusqu'à l'épuisement(g) (enter for race → horse, greyhound) faire courir(h) (hunt, chase) chasser;∎ to run deer chasser le cerf;∎ the outlaws were run out of town les hors-la-loi furent chassés de la ville∎ I'll run you to the bus stop je vais te conduire à l'arrêt de bus;∎ to run sb back home reconduire qn chez lui;∎ I've got to run these boxes over to my new house je dois emporter ces boîtes dans ma nouvelle maison∎ he's suspected of running drugs/guns il est soupçonné de trafic de drogue/d'armes(k) (drive → vehicle) conduire;∎ I ran the car into the driveway j'ai mis la voiture dans l'allée;∎ could you run your car back a bit? pourriez-vous reculer un peu votre voiture?;∎ I ran my car into a lamppost je suis rentré dans un réverbère (avec ma voiture);∎ he tried to run me off the road! il a essayé de me faire sortir de la route!(l) (pass, quickly or lightly) passer;∎ he ran his hand through his hair il se passa la main dans les cheveux;∎ he ran a comb through his hair il se donna un coup de peigne;∎ I'll run a duster over the furniture je passerai un coup de chiffon sur les meubles;∎ she ran her hands over the controls elle promena ses mains sur les boutons de commande;∎ she ran her finger down the list/her eye over the text elle parcourut la liste du doigt/le texte des yeux(m) (send via specified route) faire passer;∎ it would be better to run the wires under the floorboards ce serait mieux de faire passer les fils sous le plancher;∎ we could run a cable from the house nous pourrions amener un câble de la maison;∎ run the other end of the rope through the loop passez l'autre bout de la corde dans la boucle(o) (cause to flow) faire couler;∎ run the water into the basin faites couler l'eau dans la cuvette;∎ to run a bath faire couler un bain∎ the local paper is running a series of articles on the scandal le journal local publie une série d'articles sur le scandale;∎ to run an ad (in the newspaper) passer ou faire passer une annonce (dans le journal)(q) (enter for election) présenter;∎ they're running a candidate in every constituency ils présentent un candidat dans chaque circonscription∎ to run a temperature or fever avoir de la fièvre∎ to run the danger or risk of doing sth courir le risque de faire qch;∎ you run the risk of a heavy fine vous risquez une grosse amende;∎ do you realize the risks you're running? est-ce que vous réalisez les risques que vous prenez?∎ I run every morning in the park je cours tous les matins dans le parc;∎ to come running towards sb accourir vers qn;∎ they ran out of the house ils sont sortis de la maison en courant;∎ to run upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre l'escalier en courant;∎ I had to run for the train j'ai dû courir pour attraper le train;∎ she ran for the police elle a couru chercher la police;∎ run and fetch me a glass of water cours me chercher un verre d'eau;∎ I'll just run across or round or over to the shop je fais un saut à l'épicerie;∎ to run to meet sb courir ou se précipiter à la rencontre de qn;∎ I've been running all over the place looking for you j'ai couru partout à ta recherche;∎ figurative I didn't expect her to go running to the press with the story je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'elle coure raconter l'histoire à la presse;∎ don't come running to me with your problems ne viens pas m'embêter avec tes problèmes∎ to run in a race (horse, person) participer à une course;∎ there are twenty horses running in the race vingt chevaux participent à la course;∎ she ran for her country in the Olympics elle a couru pour son pays aux jeux Olympiques∎ run for your lives! sauve qui peut!;∎ familiar if the night watchman sees you, run for it! si le veilleur de nuit te voit, tire-toi ou file!;∎ figurative you can't just keep running from your past vous ne pouvez pas continuer à fuir votre passé(d) (pass → road, railway, boundary) passer;∎ a tunnel runs under the mountain un tunnel passe sous la montagne;∎ the railway line runs through a valley/over a viaduct le chemin de fer passe dans une vallée/sur un viaduc;∎ the pipes run under the road les tuyaux passent sous la route;∎ the road runs alongside the river/parallel to the coast la route longe la rivière/la côte;∎ hedgerows run between the fields des haies séparent les champs;∎ the road runs due north la route va droit vers le nord;∎ to run north and south être orienté nord-sud;∎ a canal running from London to Birmingham un canal qui va de Londres à Birmingham;∎ a high fence runs around the building une grande barrière fait le tour du bâtiment;∎ the lizard has red markings running down its back le dos du lézard est zébré de rouge;∎ the line of print ran off the page la ligne a débordé de la feuille;∎ figurative our lives seem to be running in different directions il semble que nos vies prennent des chemins différents∎ the pram ran down the hill out of control le landau a dévalé la côte;∎ the tram runs on special tracks le tramway roule sur des rails spéciaux;∎ the crane runs on rails la grue se déplace sur des rails;∎ the piano runs on casters le piano est monté sur (des) roulettes;∎ the truck ran off the road le camion a quitté la route;∎ let the cord run through your hands laissez la corde filer entre vos mains;∎ his fingers ran over the controls ses doigts se promenèrent sur les boutons de commande;∎ her eyes ran down the list elle parcourut la liste des yeux;∎ a shiver ran down my spine un frisson me parcourut le dos;∎ his thoughts ran to that hot August day in Paris cette chaude journée d'août à Paris lui revint à l'esprit(f) (words, text)∎ how does that last verse run? c'est quoi la dernière strophe?;∎ their argument or reasoning runs something like this voici plus ou moins leur raisonnement;∎ the conversation ran something like this voilà en gros ce qui s'est dit(g) (spread → rumour, news) se répandre(h) (flow → river, water, tap, nose) couler;∎ let the water run until it's hot laisse couler l'eau jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit chaude;∎ the water's run cold l'eau est froide au robinet;∎ you've let the water run cold tu as laissé couler l'eau trop longtemps, elle est devenue froide;∎ your bath is running ton bain est en train de couler;∎ your nose is running tu as le nez qui coule;∎ the cold made our eyes run le froid nous piquait les yeux;∎ the hot water runs along/down this pipe l'eau chaude passe/descend dans ce tuyau;∎ their faces were running with sweat leurs visages ruisselaient de transpiration;∎ tears ran down her face des larmes coulaient sur son visage;∎ the streets were running with blood le sang coulait dans les rues;∎ the river ran red with blood les eaux de la rivière étaient rouges de sang;∎ the Jari runs into the Amazon le Jari se jette dans l'Amazone∎ her mascara had run son mascara avait coulé(j) (in wash → colour, fabric) déteindre;∎ wash that dress separately, the colour might run lave cette robe à part, elle pourrait déteindre(k) (operate → engine, machine, business) marcher, fonctionner;∎ to run on or off electricity/gas/diesel fonctionner à l'électricité/au gaz/au diesel;∎ this machine runs off the mains cet appareil se branche sur (le) secteur;∎ the tape recorder was still running le magnétophone était encore en marche;∎ leave the engine running laissez tourner le moteur;∎ the engine is running smoothly le moteur tourne rond;∎ the new assembly line is up and running la nouvelle chaîne de montage est en service;∎ Computing do not interrupt the program while it is running ne pas interrompre le programme en cours d'exécution;∎ Computing this software runs on DOS ce logiciel tourne sous DOS;∎ Computing running at… cadencé à…;∎ figurative everything is running smoothly tout marche très bien(l) (public transport) circuler;∎ this train doesn't run/only runs on Sundays ce train ne circule pas/ne circule que le dimanche;∎ some bus lines run all night certaines lignes d'autobus sont en service toute la nuit;∎ the buses stop running at midnight après minuit il n'y a plus de bus;∎ trains running between London and Manchester trains qui circulent entre Londres et Manchester;∎ trains running to Calais are cancelled les trains à destination de Calais sont annulés;∎ he took the tube that runs through Clapham il prit la ligne de métro qui passe par Clapham(m) (last) durer; (be valid → contract) être ou rester valide; (→ agreement) être ou rester en vigueur; Finance (→ interest) courir;∎ the sales run from the beginning to the end of January les soldes durent du début à la fin janvier;∎ the sales have only another two days to run il ne reste que deux jours de soldes;∎ the meeting ran for an hour longer than expected la réunion a duré une heure de plus que prévu;∎ I'd like the ad to run for a week je voudrais que l'annonce passe pendant une semaine;∎ the lease has another year to run le bail n'expire pas avant un an;∎ your subscription will run for two years votre abonnement sera valable deux ans;∎ interest runs from 1 January les intérêts courent à partir du 1er janvier∎ the play has been running for a year la pièce est à l'affiche depuis un an;∎ the film is currently running in Hull le film est actuellement sur les écrans à Hull;∎ his new musical should run and run! sa nouvelle comédie musicale devrait tenir l'affiche pendant des mois!;∎ Television this soap opera has been running for twenty years ça fait vingt ans que ce feuilleton est diffusé;∎ America's longest-running TV series la plus longue série télévisée américaine(o) (occur → inherited trait, illness)∎ twins run in our family les jumeaux sont courants dans la famille;∎ heart disease runs in the family les maladies cardiaques sont fréquentes dans notre famille∎ the colours run from dark blue to bright green les couleurs vont du bleu foncé au vert vif∎ to run high (sea) être grosse ou houleuse;∎ feelings or tempers were running high les esprits étaient échauffés;∎ their ammunition was running low ils commençaient à manquer de munitions;∎ our stores are running low nos provisions s'épuisent ou tirent à leur fin;∎ he's running scared il a la frousse;∎ to be running late être en retard, avoir du retard;∎ programmes are running ten minutes late les émissions ont toutes dix minutes de retard;∎ sorry I can't stop, I'm running a bit late désolé, je ne peux pas rester, je suis un peu en retard;∎ events are running in our favour les événements tournent en notre faveur;∎ inflation was running at 18 percent le taux d'inflation était de 18 pour cent(r) (be candidate, stand) se présenter;∎ to run for president or the presidency se présenter aux élections présidentielles, être candidat aux élections présidentielles ou à la présidence;∎ to run for office se porter candidat;∎ she's running on a law-and-order ticket elle se présente aux élections avec un programme basé sur la lutte contre l'insécurité;∎ he ran against Reagan in 1984 il s'est présenté contre Reagan en 1984∎ why don't we run down to the coast/up to London? si on faisait un tour jusqu'à la mer/jusqu'à Londres?∎ to run (before the wind) filer vent arrière;(u) (ladder → stocking, tights) filerBritish courir (çà et là);∎ I've been running about all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!(meet → acquaintance) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (find → book, reference) trouver par hasard, tomber surtraverser en courantalso figurative courir après;∎ it's not like her to run after a man ce n'est pas son genre de courir après un homme;∎ she spends half her life running after her kids elle passe son temps à être derrière les enfants;∎ he's got all these assistants running after him the whole time il a tout un tas d'assistants qui passent sans arrêt derrière ce qu'il fait(go away) s'en aller, partir;∎ it's getting late, I must be running along il se fait tard, il faut que j'y aille;∎ run along to bed now, children! allez les enfants, au lit maintenant!(a) (from place to place) courir (çà et là)□ ;∎ I've been running around all day looking for you! j'ai passé ma journée à te chercher partout!□∎ he was sure his wife was running around il était sûr que sa femme le trompait□∎ he's always running around with other women il est toujours en train de courir après d'autres femmes∎ their son has run away from home leur fils a fait une fugue;∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run away je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas;∎ run away and play now, children allez jouer ailleurs, les enfants;∎ figurative to run away from one's responsibilities fuir ses responsabilités;∎ to run away from the facts se refuser à l'évidence(a) (secretly or illegally) partir avec;∎ he ran away with his best friend's wife il est parti avec la femme de son meilleur ami;∎ he ran away with the takings il est parti avec la caisse∎ don't let your excitement run away with you gardez votre calme;∎ she tends to let her imagination run away with her elle a tendance à se laisser emporter par son imagination(c) (get → idea)∎ don't go running away with the idea or the notion that it will be easy n'allez pas vous imaginer que ce sera facile∎ they ran away with nearly all the medals ils ont remporté presque toutes les médailles➲ run back(a) (drive back) raccompagner (en voiture);∎ she ran me back home elle m'a ramené ou raccompagné chez moi en voiture;∎ he ran me back on his motorbike il m'a raccompagné en moto(b) (rewind → tape, film) rembobiner∎ familiar to come running back (errant husband etc) revenir□∎ to run back over sth passer qch en revue∎ to run sth by sb (submit) soumettre qch à qn;∎ you'd better run that by the committee vous feriez mieux de demander l'avis du comité;∎ run that by me again répétez-moi ça➲ run down(a) (reduce, diminish → gen) réduire; (→ number of employees) diminuer; (→ stocks) laisser s'épuiser; (→ industry, factory) fermer progressivement;∎ they are running down their military presence in Africa ils réduisent leur présence militaire en Afrique;∎ the government was accused of running down the steel industry le gouvernement a été accusé de laisser dépérir la sidérurgie;∎ you've run the battery down vous avez déchargé la pile; (of car) vous avez vidé ou déchargé la batterie, vous avez mis la batterie à plat∎ they're always running her friends down ils passent leur temps à dire du mal de ou à dénigrer ses amis□ ;∎ stop running yourself down all the time cesse de te rabaisser constamment(c) (in car → pedestrian, animal) renverser, écraser;∎ he was run down by a bus il s'est fait renverser par un bus∎ I finally ran down the reference in the library j'ai fini par dénicher la référence à la bibliothèque∎ the batteries in the radio are beginning to run down les piles de la radio commencent à être usées➲ run in∎ running in en rodage(a) (encounter → problem, difficulty) rencontrer(b) (meet → acquaintance) rencontrer (par hasard), tomber sur;∎ to run into debt faire des dettes, s'endetter(c) (collide with → of car, driver) percuter, rentrer dans;∎ I ran into a lamppost je suis rentrée dans un réverbère;∎ you should be more careful, you nearly ran into me! tu devrais faire attention, tu as failli me rentrer dedans!(d) (amount to) s'élever à;∎ debts running into millions of dollars des dettes qui s'élèvent à des millions de dollars;∎ takings run into five figures la recette atteint les cinq chiffres(e) (merge into) se fondre dans, se confondre avec;∎ the red runs into orange le rouge devient orange;∎ the words began to run into each other before my eyes les mots commençaient à se confondre devant mes yeux➲ run off∎ run me off five copies of this report faites-moi cinq copies de ce rapport(b) (write quickly) (article) pondre∎ the heats will be run off tomorrow les éliminatoires se disputeront demain(d) (lose → excess weight, fat) perdre en courant∎ I'll be with you in a minute, don't run off je serai à toi dans un instant, ne te sauve pas➲ run on(lines of writing) ne pas découper en paragraphes; (letters, words) ne pas séparer, lier∎ the play ran on for hours la pièce a duré des heures;∎ the discussion ran on for an extra hour la discussion a duré une heure de plus que prévu∎ he does run on rather quand il est parti celui-là, il ne s'arrête plus;∎ he can run on for hours if you let him si tu le laisses faire il peut tenir le crachoir pendant des heures➲ run out(a) (cable, rope) laisser filer∎ to run a batsman out mettre un batteur hors jeu∎ hurry up, time is running out! dépêchez-vous, il ne reste plus beaucoup de temps!;∎ their luck finally ran out la chance a fini par tourner, leur chance n'a pas duré(c) (expire → contract, passport, agreement) expirer, venir à expirationmanquer de;∎ we're running out of ammunition nous commençons à manquer de munitions;∎ we're running out of sugar nous allons nous trouver à court de sucre;∎ he's run out of money il n'a plus d'argent;∎ to run out of patience être à bout de patience;∎ to run out of petrol tomber en panne d'essence(spouse, colleague) laisser tomber, abandonner;∎ she ran out on her husband elle a quitté son mari;∎ his assistants all ran out on him ses assistants l'ont tous abandonné ou laissé tomber➲ run over(pedestrian, animal) écraser;∎ I nearly got run over j'ai failli me faire écraser;∎ he's been run over il s'est fait écraser;∎ the car ran over his legs la voiture lui est passé sur les jambes∎ let's run over the arguments one more time before the meeting reprenons les arguments une dernière fois avant la réunion;∎ could you run over the main points for us? pourriez-vous nous récapituler les principaux points?∎ to run over the allotted time excéder le temps imparti(a) (overflow) déborder;∎ literary my cup runneth over je nage dans le bonheur;∎ to run over with energy/enthusiasm déborder d'énergie/d'enthousiasme(b) (run late) dépasser l'heure; Radio & Television dépasser le temps d'antenne, déborder sur le temps d'antenne;∎ the programme ran over by twenty minutes l'émission a dépassé son temps d'antenne de vingt minutes➲ run past= run bypasser en courant(a) (cross → of person) traverser en courant;∎ figurative money runs through his fingers like water l'argent lui brûle les doigts(b) (pervade → of thought, feeling)∎ a strange idea ran through my mind une idée étrange m'a traversé l'esprit;∎ a thrill of excitement ran through her un frisson d'émotion la parcourut;∎ an angry murmur ran through the crowd des murmures de colère parcoururent la foule;∎ his words kept running through my head ses paroles ne cessaient de retentir dans ma tête;∎ an air of melancholy runs through the whole film une atmosphère de mélancolie imprègne tout le film∎ she ran through the arguments in her mind elle repassa les arguments dans sa tête;∎ let's just run through the procedure one more time reprenons une dernière fois la marche à suivre;∎ I'll run through your speech with you je vous ferai répéter votre discours(d) (read quickly) parcourir (des yeux), jeter un coup d'œil sur∎ he runs through a dozen shirts a week il lui faut une douzaine de chemises par semaine∎ to run sb through (with a sword) transpercer qn (d'un coup d'épée)(a) (amount to) se chiffrer à;∎ her essay ran to twenty pages sa dissertation faisait vingt pages∎ your salary should run to a new computer ton salaire devrait te permettre d'acheter un nouvel ordinateur;∎ the budget won't run to champagne le budget ne nous permet pas d'acheter du champagne➲ run up(a) (debt, bill) laisser s'accumuler;∎ I've run up a huge overdraft j'ai un découvert énorme(c) (sew quickly) coudre rapidement ou à la hâte(climb rapidly) monter en courant; (approach) approcher en courant;∎ a young man ran up to me un jeune homme s'approcha de moi en courant(encounter) se heurter à;∎ we've run up against some problems nous nous sommes heurtés à quelques problèmes -
8 otherwise
1. adverb1) (in a different way) andersthink otherwise — anders darüber denken; anderer Meinung sein
except where otherwise stated — sofern nicht anders angegeben
2) (or else) sonst; anderenfalls2. predicative adjective* * *1) (in every other way except this: She has a big nose but otherwise she is very good-looking.) ansonsten2) (doing, thinking etc something else: I am otherwise engaged this evening.) anderweitig* * *oth·er·wise[ˈʌðəwaɪz, AM -ɚ-]I would that it were \otherwise ich wünschte, es wäre andersthe truth is quite \otherwise die Wahrheit sieht völlig anders aus1. (differently) andersthe police believe he is the thief, but all the evidence suggests \otherwise die Polizei hält ihn für den Dieb, aber das Beweismaterial spricht dagegenunless you let me know \otherwise,... sofern ich nichts Gegenteiliges von dir höre,...2. (except for this) sonst, ansonsten, im Übrigen3. (alternatively)Marion Morrison, \otherwise known as the film star John Wayne,... Marion Morrison, auch bekannt als der Filmstar John Wayne,...* * *['ʌðəwaɪz]1. adv1) (= in a different way) andersI am otherwise engaged (form) — ich bin anderweitig beschäftigt
Richard I, otherwise (known as) the Lionheart — Richard I., auch bekannt als Löwenherz, Richard I. oder auch Löwenherz
2) (= in other respects) sonst, ansonsten, im Übrigen2. conj(= or else) sonst, andernfalls3. adj predanders* * *otherwise [ˈʌðə(r)waız]A adv1. (auch konj) sonst, andernfalls:2. sonst, im Übrigen:3. anderweitig:unless you are otherwise engaged wenn du nichts anderes vorhast4. anders ( than als):we think otherwise wir sind anderer Meinung;not otherwise than nicht anders als, genauso wie;X, otherwise (called) Y X, auch Y genannt; X alias Ythe advantages or otherwise of sth die Vor- oder Nachteile einer Sache;berries edible and otherwise essbare und nichtessbare BeerenB adj1. sonstig:his otherwise rudeness seine sonstige Grobheit;his political enemies, his otherwise friends seine politischen Gegner, sonst aber seine Freunde2. anders:rather tall than otherwise eher groß als klein* * *1. adverb1) (in a different way) andersthink otherwise — anders darüber denken; anderer Meinung sein
2) (or else) sonst; anderenfalls3) (in other respects) ansonsten (ugs.); im übrigen2. predicative adjective* * *adv.anderenfalls adv.andernfalls adv.anders adv.ansonsten adv.sonst adv. -
9 succeed
sək'si:d1) (to manage to do what one is trying to do; to achieve one's aim or purpose: He succeeded in persuading her to do it; He's happy to have succeeded in his chosen career; She tried three times to pass her driving-test, and at last succeeded; Our new teaching methods seem to be succeeding.) conseguir; triunfar, tener éxito (en)2) (to follow next in order, and take the place of someone or something else: He succeeded his father as manager of the firm / as king; The cold summer was succeeded by a stormy autumn; If the duke has no children, who will succeed to (= inherit) his property?) suceder; sucederse•- success- successful
- successfully
- succession
- successive
- successively
- successor
- in succession
succeed vb1. tener éxito / triunfar2. conseguir / lograrafter several attempts, he succeeded in reaching the South Pole después de varios intentos, consiguió llegar al Polo Surtr[sək'siːd]1 (be successful - person) tener éxito, triunfar; (- plan, marriage) salir bien; (- strike) surtir efecto, dar resultado2 (manage) lograr, conseguir■ at least we succeeded in raising public awareness al menos conseguimos sensibilizar a los ciudadanos1 (take place of) suceder a2 formal use (follow after) suceder a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLif at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again el que la sigue la consigueto succeed in life triunfar en la vidasucceed [sək'si:d] vtfollow: suceder asucceed vi: tener éxito (dícese de las personas), dar resultado (dícese de los planes, etc.)she succeeded in finishing: logró terminarv.• acertar v.• salir bien v.• suceder v.• suceder a una persona v.• tener éxito v.• topar v.sək'siːd
1.
1) ( have success) \<\<plan\>\> dar* resultado, surtir efecto; \<\<person\>\>she tried to persuade him, but did not succeed — intentó convencerlo pero no lo consiguió or no lo logró
to succeed IN something/-ING: he's succeeded in all that he's done ha tenido éxito en todo lo que ha hecho; to succeed in life triunfar en la vida; he finally succeeded in passing the exam al final logró aprobar el examen; you'll only succeed in making matters worse sólo conseguirás empeorar las cosas; if at first you don't succeed, try, try again — el que la sigue la consigue
2)to succeed (TO something): he succeeded to the throne subió al trono; to succeed to a title — heredar un título
2.
vt suceder[sǝk'siːd]who succeeded him? — ¿quién lo sucedió?, ¿quién fue su sucesor?
1. VI1) [person]a) (in business, career) tener éxito, triunfar (in en)he succeeded in business — tuvo éxito or triunfó en los negocios
b) (in task, aim)to succeed in doing sth — conseguir hacer algo, lograr hacer algo
they succeeded in finishing the job — consiguieron or lograron terminar el trabajo
he only succeeded in making it worse — lo único que consiguió or logró fue empeorar las cosas
I finally succeeded in getting him out of the room — por fin conseguí or logré que saliera de la habitación
c) (=take over)if she dies, who will succeed? — si muere, ¿quién la sucederá?
2) [thing]a) (=work) [plan, strategy, experiment] dar resultado, salir bienhad the plan succeeded, our lives might have been very different — si el plan hubiera dado resultado or salido bien, nuestras vidas podrían haber sido muy distintas
b) (=do well) [business] prosperar; [film] tener éxito2.VT (=follow) suceder aon his death, his eldest son succeeded him — a su muerte, su hijo mayor lo sucedió
* * *[sək'siːd]
1.
1) ( have success) \<\<plan\>\> dar* resultado, surtir efecto; \<\<person\>\>she tried to persuade him, but did not succeed — intentó convencerlo pero no lo consiguió or no lo logró
to succeed IN something/-ING: he's succeeded in all that he's done ha tenido éxito en todo lo que ha hecho; to succeed in life triunfar en la vida; he finally succeeded in passing the exam al final logró aprobar el examen; you'll only succeed in making matters worse sólo conseguirás empeorar las cosas; if at first you don't succeed, try, try again — el que la sigue la consigue
2)to succeed (TO something): he succeeded to the throne subió al trono; to succeed to a title — heredar un título
2.
vt sucederwho succeeded him? — ¿quién lo sucedió?, ¿quién fue su sucesor?
-
10 sound
I
adjective1) (strong or in good condition: The foundations of the house are not very sound; He's 87, but he's still sound in mind and body.) sano, sólido, firme2) ((of sleep) deep: She's a very sound sleeper.) profundo3) (full; thorough: a sound basic training.) completo, severo4) (accurate; free from mistakes: a sound piece of work.) bueno, sólido5) (having or showing good judgement or good sense: His advice is always very sound.) juicioso, sensato, acertado, consistente•- soundly- soundness
- sound asleep
II
1. noun1) (the impressions transmitted to the brain by the sense of hearing: a barrage of sound; (also adjective) sound waves.) sonido2) (something that is, or can be, heard: The sounds were coming from the garage.) ruido, sonido, voces3) (the impression created in the mind by a piece of news, a description etc: I didn't like the sound of her hairstyle at all!) idea
2. verb1) (to (cause something to) make a sound: Sound the bell!; The bell sounded.) tocar, hacer sonar2) (to signal (something) by making a sound: Sound the alarm!) sonar, resonar3) ((of something heard or read) to make a particular impression; to seem; to appear: Your singing sounded very good; That sounds like a train.) sonar, parecer4) (to pronounce: In the word `pneumonia', the letter p is not sounded.) pronunciar(se)5) (to examine by tapping and listening carefully: She sounded the patient's chest.) auscultar•- soundlessly
- sound effects
- soundproof
3. verb(to make (walls, a room etc) soundproof.) insonorizar
III
verb(to measure the depth of (water etc).) sondar- sounding- sound out
sound1 adj sólido / bueno / fuerte / segurosound2 n1. sonido2. ruido3. volumencan you turn the sound up? ¿puedes subir el volumen?sound3 vb1. parecerfrom what he says it sounds like a wonderful hotel por lo que dice, parece un hotel maravilloso2. sonarif the alarm sounds, leave the building si suena la alarma, abandona el edificiotr[saʊnd]1 (healthy) sano,-a■ of sound mind en su sano juicio, en pleno uso de sus facultades■ safe and sound sano,-a y salvo,-a2 (solid) sólido,-a, firme; (in good condition) en buen estado3 (sensible) sensato,-a, acertado,-a; (valid) sólido,-a, lógico,-a, razonable; (responsible) responsable, formal, de fiar; (reliable, safe) seguro,-a4 (thorough) completo,-a; (severe) severo,-a5 (of sleep) profundo,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be as sound as a bell (person) estar sano,-a 2 (thing) estar en perfectas condiciones, estar en perfecto estadoto be sound asleep estar profundamente dormido,-a————————tr[saʊnd]1 SMALLGEOGRAPHY/SMALL estrecho, brazo de mar————————tr[saʊnd]■ I was born within the sound of Bow bells desde donde nací se oyen las campanas de la iglesia de Bow■ turn the sound up/down sube/baja el volumen3 (impression, idea) idea■ I don't like the sound of this esto se está poniendo feo, esto me da mala espina■ by/from the sound of it, he's getting on fine por lo visto las cosas le van bien2 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL pronunciar1 (bell, horn, alarm, etc) sonar, resonar2 (seem) parecer; (give impression) sonar■ how does that sound? ¿qué te parece eso?■ does this sentence sound right to you? ¿te suena bien esta frase?3 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL pronunciarse, sonar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLsound barrier barrera del sonidosound card tarjeta de sonidosound check prueba de sonidosound effects efectos nombre masculino plural sonorossound engineer ingeniero,-a de sonidosound wave onda sonora————————tr[saʊnd]1 SMALLMARITIME/SMALL sondar1 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL sondasound ['saʊnd] vt1) : sondar (en navegación)3) : hacer sonar, tocar (una trompeta, etc.)sound vi1) : sonarthe alarm sounded: la alarma sonó2) seem: parecersound adj1) healthy: sanosafe and sound: sano y salvoof sound mind and body: en pleno uso de sus facultades2) firm, solid: sólido3) sensible: lógico, sensato4) deep: profundoa sound sleep: un sueño profundosound n1) : sonido mthe speed of sound: la velocidad del sonido2) noise: sonido m, ruido mI heard a sound: oí un sonido3) channel: brazo m de mar, canal m (ancho)adj.• confiable adj.• firme adj.• ileso, -a adj.• macizo, -a adj.• razonable adj.• sano, -a adj.• sonido, -a adj.• sólido, -a adj.n.• ruido s.m.• son s.m.• sonda s.f.• sonido s.m.• tañido s.m.• toque s.m.v.• fondear v.• hondear v.• sonar v.• sondear v.• tocar v.
I saʊnd1) noun2) u ca) ( noise) sonido m; (unpleasant, disturbing) ruido mb) (of music, instrument) sonido mc) ( Ling) sonido m3) ua) ( Phys) sonido m; (before n)b) (Audio, Rad, TV) sonido mturn the sound up/down — sube/baja el volumen; (before n)
sound effects — efectos mpl sonoros
4) ( impression conveyed) (colloq) (no pl)by o from the sound of it, everything's going very well — parece que or por lo visto todo marcha muy bien
5) ca) ( channel) paso m, estrecho mb) ( inlet) brazo m
II
1.
1)a) ( give impression) sonar*your voice sounds o you sound different on the phone — tu voz suena distinta por teléfono
you sound as if o as though you could do with a rest — me da la impresión de que no te vendría mal un descanso
it sounds as if o as though they're here now — (por el ruido) parece que ya están aquí
b) ( seem) parecer*we'll leave at ten; how does that sound to you? — saldremos a las diez ¿qué te parece?
it sounds as if o as though you had a great time — parece que lo pasaste fenomenal
sounds like fun! — (colloq) qué divertido!
2) (make noise, resound) \<\<bell/alarm\>\> sonar*
2.
vt1)a) \<\<trumpet/horn\>\> tocar*, hacer* sonarthe chairman sounded a note of warning in his speech — en su discurso, el presidente llamó a la cautela
b) ( articulate) \<\<letter/consonant\>\> pronunciar2) sound out•Phrasal Verbs:
III
adjective -er, -est1)a) ( healthy) sanoI, Peter Smith, being of sound mind... — (frml) yo, Peter Smith, (estando) en pleno uso de mis facultades... (frml)
b) ( in good condition) <basis/foundation> sólido, firme; < timber> en buenas condiciones2)a) ( valid) <reasoning/knowledge> sólido; <advice/decision> sensatob) ( reliable) <colleague/staff> responsable, formal3)b) (hard, thorough)
IV
adverb -er, -est
I [saʊnd]1. N1) (Phys) sonido m2) (=noise) ruido mthe sound of breaking glass — el ruido de cristales que se rompen/rompían
•
I didn't hear a sound — no oí ni un ruido•
don't make a sound! — ¡no hagas el menor ruido!•
not a sound was to be heard — no se oía or (esp LAm) sentía ruido alguno•
to the sound of the national anthem — al son del himno nacional•
they were within sound of the camp — el campamento estaba al alcance del oído•
he opened the door without a sound — abrió la puerta sin hacer nada de ruido3) (=volume) volumen mcan I turn the sound down? — ¿puedo bajar el volumen?
4) (=musical style)5) (fig) (=impression)•
by the sound of it — según parece•
I don't like the sound of it — (film etc) por lo que he oído, no me gusta nada; (situation) me preocupa, me da mala espina2. VT1) [+ horn, trumpet] tocar, hacer sonar; [+ bell] tocar; [+ alarm, warning] dar; [+ praises] cantar, entonar•
to sound the charge — (Mil) tocar la carga•
sound your horn! — (Aut) ¡toca el claxon!•
to sound a note of warning — (fig) dar la señal de alarma•
to sound the retreat — (Mil) tocar la retirada2) (=pronounce) pronunciarsound your "r"s more — pronuncia más claro la "r"
to sound the "d" in "hablado" — pronunciar la "d" en "hablado"
3. VI1) (=emit sound) sonara cannon sounded a long way off — se oyó un cañón a lo lejos, sonó or resonó un cañón a lo lejos
2) (=appear to be)a) (from aural clues) sonarhe sounds Italian to me — por la voz, diría que es italiano
•
it sounds like French — suena a francésb) (from available information) sonar, parecer•
it sounds as if or as though she won't be coming — parece que no va a venir•
how does it sound to you? — ¿qué te parece?•
that sounds like a good idea — eso parece buena idea4.CPDsound archive N — archivo m de sonido
sound barrier N — barrera f del sonido
sound bite N — cita f jugosa
sound card N — (Comput) tarjeta f de sonido
sound effect N — efecto m sonoro
sound engineer N — ingeniero(-a) m / f de sonido
sound file N — (Comput) fichero m de sonido
sound library N — fonoteca f
sound mixer N — (=engineer) ingeniero(-a) m / f de sonido
sound recording N — grabación f sonora
sound recordist N — (TV) registrador(a) m / f de sonido
sound shift N — cambio m de pronunciación
sound system N — (Ling) sistema m fonológico; (=hi-fi) cadena f de sonido
sound truck N — (US) furgón m publicitario
sound wave N — (Phys) onda f sonora
II
[saʊnd]VT1) (Naut) sondar2) (Med) [+ chest] auscultar; [+ cavity, passage] sondar
III [saʊnd]1. ADJ(compar sounder) (superl soundest)1) (=in good condition) sano; [constitution] robusto; [structure] sólido, firme- be as sound as a bellsafe 1., 1)2) (=well-founded) [argument] bien fundado, sólido; [ideas, opinions] válido, razonable; [investment] bueno, seguro; [training] sólido; [decision, choice] acertado3) (=dependable) [person] formal, digno de confianzahe's a very sound man — es un hombre formal or digno de confianza
he's a sound worker — es buen trabajador, trabaja con seriedad
4) (=thorough)5) (=deep, untroubled) [sleep] profundo2.ADV
IV
[saʊnd]N (Geog) estrecho m, brazo m de mar* * *
I [saʊnd]1) noun2) u ca) ( noise) sonido m; (unpleasant, disturbing) ruido mb) (of music, instrument) sonido mc) ( Ling) sonido m3) ua) ( Phys) sonido m; (before n)b) (Audio, Rad, TV) sonido mturn the sound up/down — sube/baja el volumen; (before n)
sound effects — efectos mpl sonoros
4) ( impression conveyed) (colloq) (no pl)by o from the sound of it, everything's going very well — parece que or por lo visto todo marcha muy bien
5) ca) ( channel) paso m, estrecho mb) ( inlet) brazo m
II
1.
1)a) ( give impression) sonar*your voice sounds o you sound different on the phone — tu voz suena distinta por teléfono
you sound as if o as though you could do with a rest — me da la impresión de que no te vendría mal un descanso
it sounds as if o as though they're here now — (por el ruido) parece que ya están aquí
b) ( seem) parecer*we'll leave at ten; how does that sound to you? — saldremos a las diez ¿qué te parece?
it sounds as if o as though you had a great time — parece que lo pasaste fenomenal
sounds like fun! — (colloq) qué divertido!
2) (make noise, resound) \<\<bell/alarm\>\> sonar*
2.
vt1)a) \<\<trumpet/horn\>\> tocar*, hacer* sonarthe chairman sounded a note of warning in his speech — en su discurso, el presidente llamó a la cautela
b) ( articulate) \<\<letter/consonant\>\> pronunciar2) sound out•Phrasal Verbs:
III
adjective -er, -est1)a) ( healthy) sanoI, Peter Smith, being of sound mind... — (frml) yo, Peter Smith, (estando) en pleno uso de mis facultades... (frml)
b) ( in good condition) <basis/foundation> sólido, firme; < timber> en buenas condiciones2)a) ( valid) <reasoning/knowledge> sólido; <advice/decision> sensatob) ( reliable) <colleague/staff> responsable, formal3)b) (hard, thorough)
IV
adverb -er, -est -
11 light
I
1.
noun1) (the brightness given by the sun, a flame, lamps etc that makes things able to be seen: It was nearly dawn and the light was getting stronger; Sunlight streamed into the room.) luz2) (something which gives light (eg a lamp): Suddenly all the lights went out.) luz, lámpara3) (something which can be used to set fire to something else; a flame: Have you got a light for my cigarette?) fuego4) (a way of viewing or regarding: He regarded her action in a favourable light.) perspectiva
2. adjective1) (having light; not dark: The studio was a large, light room.) claro, luminoso2) ((of a colour) pale; closer to white than black: light green.) claro
3. lit verb1) (to give light to: The room was lit only by candles.) iluminar2) (to (make something) catch fire: She lit the gas; I think this match is damp, because it won't light.) encender•- lighten- lighter- lighting
- lighthouse
- light-year
- bring to light
- come to light
- in the light of
- light up
- see the light
- set light to
II
1) (easy to lift or carry; of little weight: I bought a light suitcase for plane journeys.) ligero2) (easy to bear, suffer or do: Next time the punishment will not be so light.) leve3) ((of food) easy to digest: a light meal.) ligero4) (of less weight than it should be: The load of grain was several kilos light.) más ligero5) (of little weight: Aluminium is a light metal.) ligero6) (lively or agile: She was very light on her feet.) ágil7) (cheerful; not serious: light music.) ligero8) (little in quantity; not intense, heavy, strong etc: light rain.) fino9) ((of soil) containing a lot of sand.) arenoso•- lightly- lighten- light-headed
- light-hearted
- lightweight
- get off lightly
- make light of
- travel light
III
= light on - past tense, past participle lit [lit] - verb(to find by chance: While wandering round the town, we lit on a very cheap restaurant.)light1 adj1. claro2. ligero / que pesa poco3. luminoso / claro4. suavelight2 n1. luz2. fuegohave you got a light? ¿tienes fuego?light3 vb1. encender / prender2. iluminar / alumbrar
light /lajt/ adjetivo invariable ‹ cigarrillos› low-tar; ‹ alimentos› low-calorie; ‹ refresco› diet ( before n)
light adj inv (cigarrillos) fuma Camel Light(tm), he smokes Camel Lights(tm) ' light' also found in these entries: Spanish: aeroplano - alumbrar - amanecer - año - aplique - avioneta - barrio - bombilla - buena - bueno - caballería - candela - cegador - cegadora - clara - claridad - claro - contraluz - deslumbrar - disco - duermevela - encender - enfocar - esclarecer - foco - fotómetro - fuego - iluminar - interruptor - leve - ligera - ligero - lumbre - luminosa - luminoso - luz - penumbra - piloto - pluma - precisa - preciso - prender - semáforo - sueño - tenue - tonadilla - trasluz - vaporosa - vaporoso - velomotor English: beam - blink - chink - deflect - fall - feather - flash - flicker - fluorescent light - go on - hand - infrared - light - light bulb - light switch - light up - light year - light-headed - light-hearted - off - pilot light - red light - red light district - see - shed - sleeper - strip light - tail-light - tone - traffic light - traffic lights - warning light - watt - absorb - admit - beacon - blind - block - bright - brighten - brilliant - bulb - candle - cast - come - dark - day - dazzle - dazzling - diettr[laɪt]■ as light as a feather ligero,-a como una pluma2 (sentence, wound) leve3 (head) mareado,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be light on something familiar andar mal de algoto be light on one's feet ser ligero,-a de piesto have light fingers tener los dedos largos, tener los dedos rápidosto make light of something dar poca importancia a algoto travel light viajar con poco equipajewith a light heart con el corazón alegrelight aircraft avionetalight ale cerveza claralight opera operetalight reading lectura fácil————————tr[laɪt]————————tr[laɪt]1 (gen) luz nombre femenino3 (for cigarette, fire) fuego■ could you give me a light, please? ¿tiene fuego, por favor?1 (ignite) encender2 (illuminate) iluminar, alumbrar1 encenderse1 (colour) claro,-a; (complexion) blanco,-a2 (bright) con mucha claridad\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLaccording to one's own lights formal use según su propio criterioin (the) light of SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL en vista de, teniendo en cuentato bring something to light sacar algo a la luzto come to light salir a luzto go out like a light familiar quedarse roqueto see the light at the end of the tunnel ver la luz al final del túnelto see things in a new light ver las cosas bajo otro aspectoto shed light on something aclarar algo, arrojar luz sobre algoto show somebody in a bad light hacer quedar mal a alguiento throw light on something aclarar algo, arrojar luz sobre algolight bulb bombillalight industry industria ligeralight meter fotómetrolight year año luz1) illuminate: iluminar, alumbrar2) ignite: encender, prenderle fuego alight vi: encenderse, prender1) land, settle: posarse2) dismount: bajarse, apearselight ['laɪt] adv1) lightly: suavemente, ligeramente2)to travel light : viajar con poco equipajelight adj1) lightweight: ligero, liviano, poco pesado2) easy: fácil, ligero, livianolight reading: lectura fácillight work: trabajo liviano3) gentle, mild: fino, suave, levea light breeze: una brisa suavea light rain: una lluvia fina4) frivolous: de poca importancia, superficial5) bright: bien iluminado, claro6) pale: claro (dícese de los colores), rubio (dícese del pelo)light n1) illumination: luz f2) daylight: luz f del día3) dawn: amanecer m, madrugada f4) lamp: lámpara fto turn on off the light: apagar la luz5) aspect: aspecto min a new light: con otros ojosin the light of: en vista de, a la luz de6) match: fósforo m, cerillo m7)to bring to light : sacar a (la) luzadj.• airoso, -a adj.• blondo, -a adj.• claro, -a adj.• ingrávido, -a adj.• leve adj.• ligero, -a adj.• liviano, -a adj.• luz adj.• rubio, -a adj.• suelto, -a adj.• sutil adj.• tenue adj.n.• candela s.f.• claro s.m.• fuego s.m.• lumbre s.f.• lumbrera s.f.• luz s.f.• lámpara s.f.v.(§ p.,p.p.: lit) = alumbrar v.• brillar v.• cebar v.• encender v.laɪt
I
1) u luz flight and shade — luz y sombra; ( Art) claroscuro m
hold it up to the light — ponlo al trasluz or a contraluz
in o by the cold light of day it didn't seem such a good idea — al pensarlo mejor or en frío, no parecía tan buena idea
at first light — al clarear (el día), con las primeras luces
to bring something to light — sacar* algo a la luz
to come to light — salir* a la luz
to hide one's light under a bushel — ser* modesto
to see the light — abrir* los ojos, comprender las cosas
to see (the) light at the end of the tunnel — vislumbrar el fin de sus (or mis etc) problemas
to see the light (of day) — ver* la luz (del día)
to throw o cast o shed light on something — arrojar luz sobre algo; (before n)
light meter — fotómetro m
2) ca) ( source of light) luz f; ( lamp) lámpara fto turn the light off — apagar* la luz
to turn the light on — encender* or (AmL tb) prender or (Esp tb) dar* la luz
warning light — señal f luminosa
to go out like a light — (colloq) ( become unconscious) caer(se)* redondo; ( fall asleep) dormirse* como un tronco, caer* como piedra (AmL fam); (before n)
b) (of car, bicycle) luz fc) ( traffic light) semáforo m3)a) ( aspect) (no pl)to see something/somebody in a good/bad/new o different light — ver* algo/a alguien con buenos/malos/otros ojos
b)in the light of o (AmE also) in light of — (as prep) a la luz de, en vista de
4) c ( for igniting)have you got a light? — ¿tienes fuego?
to put a o set light to something — prender fuego a algo
II
1) adjective -er, -estit's lighter than the other one — pesa menos que el otro, es más ligero or (esp AmL) liviano que el otro
she's a very light sleeper — tiene el sueño muy ligero or (esp AmL) liviano
3)a) ( Meteo) <breeze/wind> suavelight rain — llovizna f
b) ( sparse)the losses were fairly light — las pérdidas fueron de poca consideración or de poca monta
c) ( not strenuous) <work/duties> ligero, liviano (esp AmL)d) ( not severe) < sentence> leve4) ( not serious) <music/comedy/reading> ligeroto make light of something — quitarle or restarle importancia a algo
5)a) ( pale) <green/brown> clarob) ( bright)it gets light very early these days — ahora amanece or aclara muy temprano
it's already light — ya es de día, ya está claro
III
IV
1.
1) (past & past p lighted or lit) ( set alight) encender*, prender2) (past & past p lit) ( illuminate) \<\<room/scene\>\> iluminardimly/brightly lit — poco/muy iluminado
2.
Phrasal Verbs:- light up
I [laɪt] (vb: pt, pp lit or lighted)1. N1) (=not darkness) luz fshe was sitting with her back to the light or with the light behind her — estaba sentada de espaldas a la luz
•
against the light — al trasluzto hold sth against the light — acercar algo a la luz, mirar algo al trasluz
•
by the light of the moon/a candle — a la luz de la luna/de una vela•
at first light — al rayar el día•
you're (standing) in my light — me quitas la luz, me haces sombra•
to hold sth up to the light — acercar algo a la luz, mirar algo al trasluz- see a light at the end of the tunnel- bring sth to light- shed or throw or cast light on sth- come to light- light dawned on him/her- hide one's light- see the light- see the light of dayleading 2.2) (=lamp) luz fto switch on or turn on the light — encender la luz
to switch off or turn off the light — apagar la luz
- go out like a lightbright 3., runway3) (=electricity) luz felectric light — luz f eléctrica
4) (Aut) (on vehicle) luz f5) (=traffic signal) semáforo ma red/green/amber light — un semáforo en rojo/verde/ámbar
green 4.the lights were at or on red — el semáforo estaba en rojo
6) (=viewpoint)•
according to or by sb's lights — frm según el parecer de algn•
to see things/look at sth in a different or new light — ver las cosas/mirar algo con una perspectiva distinta or desde otro punto de vista•
in the light of what you have said... — en vista de or a la luz de lo que has dicho...7) (=glint, twinkle) brillo m8) (=flame)strike 2., 3)9) (Archit) cristal m, vidrio m2. ADJ(compar lighter) (superl lightest)1) (=bright) [room, hallway] con bastante luzwhile it's still light — mientras es de día or hay luz
•
to get light — hacerse de día2) (=pale) [colour] claro; [hair] rubio, güero (CAm, Mex); [skin] blancolight blue/green — azul/verde claro
3. VT1) (=illuminate) iluminarto be lit up * — estar achispado *
2) (=ignite) [+ match, candle, fire] encender, prender; [+ cigarette] encender4.VI (=ignite) encenderse, prenderthe fire wouldn't light — el fuego no se encendía, el fuego no prendía
5.CPDlight bulb N — bombilla f, foco m (And), bombillo m (Col, Ven)
light fitting N — instalación eléctrica donde se colocan bombillas, tubos fluorescentes etc
light meter N — (Phot) fotómetro m
light show N — espectáculo m de luces
lights out N — hora f de apagar las luces
what time is lights out? — ¿a qué hora se apagan las luces?
light switch N — interruptor m
light wave N — onda f luminosa
light year N — año m luz
- light up
II [laɪt]1. ADJ(compar lighter) (superl lightest)•
you need a light touch to make good pastry — necesitas manos de seda para conseguir una buena masa2) (=scanty, slight) [breeze] leve, suave; [shower] ligero3) (Culin) [meal, food, cake] ligero, liviano (LAm)4) (=low-alcohol) de bajo contenido alcohólico, de bajo contenido en alcohol; (=low-calorie) light, bajo en calorías; (=low-tar) light, de bajo contenido en alquitrán5) (=soft) [sound] leve; [voice] suave6) (=not demanding) [work, duties] ligero- make light work of sth7) (=not serious) [novel, music] ligero•
to make light of sth — quitar importancia a algo8) (=not harsh) [sentence] leve9) (=shallow)10) (=loose) [soil] poco denso2.ADV•
to travel light — viajar con poco equipaje3. N1) lights (Culin) † pulmones mpl2) (=cigarette) cigarrillo m light, cigarrillo m de bajo contenido en alquitrán4.CPDlight aircraft N — avión m ligero
light ale, light beer (US) N — cerveza f rubia, cerveza f clara
light cream N — (US) (=single cream) nata f líquida
light entertainment N — (TV) programas mpl de variedades
light heavyweight N — (=cruiserweight) peso m semipesado
light industry N — industria f ligera
light infantry N — infantería f ligera
light opera N — (=show) opereta f; (=genre) género m lírico
light verse N — poesías fpl festivas
III
[laɪt](pt, pp lit or lighted) VIto light on sth — liter dar con algo, tropezar con algo, encontrar algo
* * *[laɪt]
I
1) u luz flight and shade — luz y sombra; ( Art) claroscuro m
hold it up to the light — ponlo al trasluz or a contraluz
in o by the cold light of day it didn't seem such a good idea — al pensarlo mejor or en frío, no parecía tan buena idea
at first light — al clarear (el día), con las primeras luces
to bring something to light — sacar* algo a la luz
to come to light — salir* a la luz
to hide one's light under a bushel — ser* modesto
to see the light — abrir* los ojos, comprender las cosas
to see (the) light at the end of the tunnel — vislumbrar el fin de sus (or mis etc) problemas
to see the light (of day) — ver* la luz (del día)
to throw o cast o shed light on something — arrojar luz sobre algo; (before n)
light meter — fotómetro m
2) ca) ( source of light) luz f; ( lamp) lámpara fto turn the light off — apagar* la luz
to turn the light on — encender* or (AmL tb) prender or (Esp tb) dar* la luz
warning light — señal f luminosa
to go out like a light — (colloq) ( become unconscious) caer(se)* redondo; ( fall asleep) dormirse* como un tronco, caer* como piedra (AmL fam); (before n)
b) (of car, bicycle) luz fc) ( traffic light) semáforo m3)a) ( aspect) (no pl)to see something/somebody in a good/bad/new o different light — ver* algo/a alguien con buenos/malos/otros ojos
b)in the light of o (AmE also) in light of — (as prep) a la luz de, en vista de
4) c ( for igniting)have you got a light? — ¿tienes fuego?
to put a o set light to something — prender fuego a algo
II
1) adjective -er, -estit's lighter than the other one — pesa menos que el otro, es más ligero or (esp AmL) liviano que el otro
she's a very light sleeper — tiene el sueño muy ligero or (esp AmL) liviano
3)a) ( Meteo) <breeze/wind> suavelight rain — llovizna f
b) ( sparse)the losses were fairly light — las pérdidas fueron de poca consideración or de poca monta
c) ( not strenuous) <work/duties> ligero, liviano (esp AmL)d) ( not severe) < sentence> leve4) ( not serious) <music/comedy/reading> ligeroto make light of something — quitarle or restarle importancia a algo
5)a) ( pale) <green/brown> clarob) ( bright)it gets light very early these days — ahora amanece or aclara muy temprano
it's already light — ya es de día, ya está claro
III
IV
1.
1) (past & past p lighted or lit) ( set alight) encender*, prender2) (past & past p lit) ( illuminate) \<\<room/scene\>\> iluminardimly/brightly lit — poco/muy iluminado
2.
Phrasal Verbs:- light up -
12 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
-
13 move
mu:v
1. verb1) (to (cause to) change position or go from one place to another: He moved his arm; Don't move!; Please move your car.) mover2) (to change houses: We're moving on Saturday.) trasladar3) (to affect the feelings or emotions of: I was deeply moved by the film.) conmover
2. noun1) ((in board games) an act of moving a piece: You can win this game in three moves.) jugada, turno2) (an act of changing homes: How did your move go?) mudanza, traslado•- movable- moveable
- movement
- movie
- moving
- movingly
- get a move on
- make a move
- move along
- move heaven and earth
- move house
- move in
- move off
- move out
- move up
- on the move
move1 n1. traslado / mudanza2. jugada / turnoit's your move es tu turno / te toca jugar a timove2 vb1. mover / cambiar de sitio / apartarplease move your car, it's in the way por favor, aparta tu coche, que está estorbando2. trasladartr[mʊːv]1 (act of moving, movement) movimiento■ one move and you're dead! ¡cómo te muevas, te mato!2 (to new home) mudanza; (to new job) traslado■ whose move is it? ¿a quién le toca jugar?4 (action, step) paso, acción nombre femenino, medida; (decision) decisión nombre femenino; (attempt) intento■ the latest moves to end the dispute have failed los últimos intentos de terminar con el conflicto han fracasado1 (gen) mover; (furniture etc) cambiar de sitio, trasladar; (transfer) trasladar; (out of the way) apartar■ you've moved the furniture! ¡habéis cambiado los muebles de sitio!■ can we move the date of the meeting? ¿podemos cambiar la fecha de la reunión?■ the car's badly parked, so I have to move it el coche está mal aparcado, así que tengo que cambiarlo de sitio■ move your trolley, I can't get past aparta tu carrito, que no paso2 (affect emotionally) conmover3 (in games) mover, jugar■ what moved you to leave your job? ¿qué te convenció para dejar el trabajo?■ when the spirit moves him cuando se le antoje, cuando le dé la gana, cuando esté de humor5 (resolution, motion, etc) proponer6 SMALLMEDICINE/SMALL (bowels) evacuar1 (gen) moverse; (change - position) trasladarse, desplazarse; (- house) mudarse; (- post, department) trasladarse2 (travel, go) ir3 (be moving) estar en marcha, estar en movimiento■ don't distract the driver when the bus is moving no distraer al conductor cuando el autobús está en marcha4 (leave) irse, marcharse5 (in game - player) jugar; (- pieces) moverse■ have you moved? ¿has jugado?6 (take action) tomar medidas, actuar■ when is the government going to move? ¿cuándo piensa el gobierno tomar medidas?7 (advance) progresar, avanzar8 (change mind) cambiar de opinión; (yield) ceder■ I've tried to persuade her, but she won't move he intentado persuadirla, pero no cede\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be on the move (travel - gen) viajar, desplazarse 2 (- army etc) estar en marcha 3 (be busy) no pararto get a move on darse prisa, moverseto get moving (leave) irse, marcharseto get something moving poner algo en marchato make the first move dar el primer pasoto move house mudarse de casa, trasladarseto move heaven and earth remover cielo y tierrato move with the times mantenerse al díanot to move a muscle no inmutarse1) go: ir2) relocate: mudarse, trasladarse3) stir: moversedon't move!: ¡no te muevas!4) act: actuarmove vt1) : movermove it over there: ponlo allíhe kept moving his feet: no dejaba de mover los pies2) induce, persuade: inducir, persuadir, mover3) touch: conmoverit moved him to tears: lo hizo llorar4) propose: proponermove n1) movement: movimiento m2) relocation: mudanza f (de casa), traslado m3) step: paso ma good move: un paso acertadon.• acción s.f.• jugada s.f.• lance s.m.• maniobra s.f.• movimiento s.m.• mudanza s.f.• paso s.m.• transposición s.f.v.• conmover v.• desalojar v.• desplazar v.• emocionar v.• impresionar v.• moverse v.• mudar v.• mudar de v.• remover v.• trasladar v.• traspasar v.muːv
I
1) ( movement) movimiento mshe made a move to get up/for the door — hizo ademán de levantarse/ir hacia la puerta
on the move: she's always on the move siempre está de un lado para otro; to get a move on — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)
2) ( change - of residence) mudanza f, trasteo m (Col); (- of premises) traslado m, mudanza f3)a) (action, step) paso m; ( measure) medida fwhat's the next move? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?, ¿ahora qué hay que hacer?
to make the first move — dar* el primer paso
b) (in profession, occupation)it would be a good career move — sería un cambio muy provechoso para mi (or su etc) carrera profesional
4) ( Games) movimiento m, jugada fwhose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca mover or jugar?
II
1.
1)a) ( change place)he moved nearer the fire — se acercó or se arrimó al fuego
government troops have moved into the area — tropas del gobierno se han desplazado or se han trasladado a la zona
to move to a new job/school — cambiar de trabajo/colegio
b) (change location, residence) mudarse, cambiarse; see also move in, move out2) ( change position) moverse*don't you move, I'll answer the door — tú tranquilo, que voy yo a abrir la puerta
3) (proceed, go)the procession/vehicle began to move — la procesión/el vehículo se puso en marcha
get moving! — muévete! (fam)
we moved aside o to one side — nos apartamos, nos hicimos a un lado
4) (advance, develop)to move with the times — mantenerse* al día
the company plans to move into the hotel business — la compañía tiene planes de introducirse en el ramo hotelero
5) ( carry oneself) moverse*6) ( go fast) (colloq) correr7) (take steps, act)8) ( Games) mover*, jugar*9) ( circulate socially) moverse*
2.
vt1) (transfer, shift position of)why have you moved the television? — ¿por qué has cambiado la televisión de sitio or de lugar?
I can't move my leg/neck — no puedo mover la pierna/el cuello
2)a) ( transport) transportar, trasladarb) (relocate, transfer) trasladarc) (change residence, location)to move house — (BrE) mudarse de casa
3)a) ( arouse emotionally) conmover*, emocionarto move somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien de la emoción
b) ( prompt)to move somebody to + inf: this moved her to remonstrate — esto la indujo a protestar
4) ( propose) (Adm, Govt) proponer*5) ( Games) mover*•Phrasal Verbs:- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up[muːv]1. N1) (=movement) movimiento m•
to watch sb's every move — observar a algn sin perder detalle, acechar a algn cada movimientoget a move on! * — ¡date prisa!, ¡apúrate! (LAm)
•
to be on the move — (=travelling) estar de viaje; [troops, army] estar avanzandoto be always on the move — [nomads, circus] andar siempre de aquí para allá; [animal, child] no saber estar quieto
whose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca jugar?
it's my move — es mi turno, me toca a mí
3) (fig) (=step, action)what's the next move? — ¿qué hacemos ahora?, y ahora ¿qué?
•
to make a move/the first move — dar un/el primer pasowithout making the least move to — + infin sin hacer la menor intención de + infin
2. VT1) (=change place of) cambiar de lugar, cambiar de sitio; [+ part of body] mover; [+ chess piece etc] jugar, mover; (=transport) transportar, trasladaryou've moved all my things! — ¡has cambiado de sitio todas mis cosas!
can you move your fingers? — ¿puedes mover los dedos?
•
move your chair nearer the fire — acerca or arrima la silla al fuego•
move the cupboard out of the corner — saca el armario del rincón•
he asked to be moved to London/to a new department — pidió el traslado a Londres/a otro departamento2) (=cause sth to move) moverthe breeze moved the leaves gently — la brisa movía or agitaba dulcemente las hojas
•
to move one's bowels — hacer de vientre, evacuarheaven•
move those children off the grass! — ¡quite esos niños del césped!3) (=change timing of)to move sth forward/back — [+ event, date] adelantar/aplazar algo
we'll have to move the meeting to later in the week — tendremos que aplazar la reunión para otro día de la semana
4) (fig) (=sway)"we shall not be moved" — "no nos moverán"
5) (=motivate)to move sb to do sth — mover or inducir a algn a hacer algo
I'll do it when the spirit moves me — hum lo haré cuando sienta la revelación divina hum
6) (emotionally) conmover, emocionarto be easily moved — ser impresionable, ser sensible
to move sb to tears/anger — hacer llorar/enfadar a algn
7) frm (=propose)to move that... — proponer que...
8) (Comm) [+ merchandise] colocar, vender3. VI1) (gen) moversemove! — ¡muévete!, ¡menéate!
don't move! — ¡no te muevas!
•
you can't move for books in that room * — hay tantos libros en esa habitación que es casi imposible moverse•
I won't move from here — no me muevo de aquí•
to move in high society — frecuentar la buena sociedad•
let's move into the garden — vamos al jardínthey hope to move into the British market — quieren introducirse en or penetrar el mercado británico
•
the procession moved slowly out of sight — la procesión avanzaba lentamente hasta que desapareció en la distancia•
it's time we were moving — es hora de irnos•
she moved to the next room — pasó a la habitación de al lado•
he moved slowly towards the door — avanzó or se acercó lentamente hacia la puertato move to or towards independence — avanzar or encaminarse hacia la independencia
2) (=move house) mudarse, trasladarse•
the family moved to a new house — la familia se mudó or se trasladó a una casa nuevato move to the country — mudarse or trasladarse al campo
the company has moved to larger offices — la empresa se ha trasladado or mudado a oficinas mayores
3) (=travel) ir; (=be in motion) estar en movimientohe was certainly moving! * — ¡iba como el demonio!
4) (Comm) [goods] venderse5) (=progress)6) (in games) jugar, hacer una jugadawho moves next? — ¿a quién le toca jugar?
white moves — (Chess) blanco juega
7) (=take steps) dar un paso, tomar medidaswe'll have to move quickly if we want to get that contract — tendremos que actuar inmediatamente si queremos hacernos con ese contrato
- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up* * *[muːv]
I
1) ( movement) movimiento mshe made a move to get up/for the door — hizo ademán de levantarse/ir hacia la puerta
on the move: she's always on the move siempre está de un lado para otro; to get a move on — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL)
2) ( change - of residence) mudanza f, trasteo m (Col); (- of premises) traslado m, mudanza f3)a) (action, step) paso m; ( measure) medida fwhat's the next move? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?, ¿ahora qué hay que hacer?
to make the first move — dar* el primer paso
b) (in profession, occupation)it would be a good career move — sería un cambio muy provechoso para mi (or su etc) carrera profesional
4) ( Games) movimiento m, jugada fwhose move is it? — ¿a quién le toca mover or jugar?
II
1.
1)a) ( change place)he moved nearer the fire — se acercó or se arrimó al fuego
government troops have moved into the area — tropas del gobierno se han desplazado or se han trasladado a la zona
to move to a new job/school — cambiar de trabajo/colegio
b) (change location, residence) mudarse, cambiarse; see also move in, move out2) ( change position) moverse*don't you move, I'll answer the door — tú tranquilo, que voy yo a abrir la puerta
3) (proceed, go)the procession/vehicle began to move — la procesión/el vehículo se puso en marcha
get moving! — muévete! (fam)
we moved aside o to one side — nos apartamos, nos hicimos a un lado
4) (advance, develop)to move with the times — mantenerse* al día
the company plans to move into the hotel business — la compañía tiene planes de introducirse en el ramo hotelero
5) ( carry oneself) moverse*6) ( go fast) (colloq) correr7) (take steps, act)8) ( Games) mover*, jugar*9) ( circulate socially) moverse*
2.
vt1) (transfer, shift position of)why have you moved the television? — ¿por qué has cambiado la televisión de sitio or de lugar?
I can't move my leg/neck — no puedo mover la pierna/el cuello
2)a) ( transport) transportar, trasladarb) (relocate, transfer) trasladarc) (change residence, location)to move house — (BrE) mudarse de casa
3)a) ( arouse emotionally) conmover*, emocionarto move somebody to tears — hacer* llorar a alguien de la emoción
b) ( prompt)to move somebody to + inf: this moved her to remonstrate — esto la indujo a protestar
4) ( propose) (Adm, Govt) proponer*5) ( Games) mover*•Phrasal Verbs:- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up -
14 Introspection
1) Experimental Introspection Is the One Reliable Method of Knowing OurselvesWhen we are trying to understand the mental processes of a child or a dog or an insect as shown by conduct and action, the outward signs of mental processes,... we must always fall back upon experimental introspection... [;] we cannot imagine processes in another mind that we do not find in our own. Experimental introspection is thus our one reliable method of knowing ourselves; it is the sole gateway to psychology. (Titchener, 1914, p. 32)There is a somewhat misleading point of view that one's own experience provides a sufficient understanding of mental life for scientific purposes. Indeed, early in the history of experimental psychology, the main method for studying cognition was introspection. By observing one's own mind, the argument went, one could say how one carried out cognitive activities....Yet introspection failed to be a good technique for the elucidation of mental processes in general. There are two simple reasons for this. First, so many things which we can do seem to be quite unrelated to conscious experience. Someone asks you your name. You do not know how you retrieve it, yet obviously there is some process by which the retrieval occurs. In the same way, when someone speaks to you, you understand what they say, but you do not know how you came to understand. Yet somehow processes take place in which words are picked out from the jumble of sound waves which reach your ears, in-built knowledge of syntax and semantics gives it meaning, and the significance of the message comes to be appreciated. Clearly, introspection is not of much use here, but it is undeniable that understanding language is as much a part of mental life as is thinking.As if these arguments were not enough, it is also the case that introspective data are notoriously difficult to evaluate. Because it is private to the experiencer, and experience may be difficult to convey in words to somebody else. Many early introspective protocols were very confusing to read and, even worse, the kinds of introspection reported tended to conform to the theoretical categories used in different laboratories. Clearly, what was needed was both a change in experimental method and a different (non-subjective) theoretical framework to describe mental life. (Sanford, 1987, pp. 2-3)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Introspection
-
15 Cross
I 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (shape) croce f.the Cross — relig. la Croce
to put a cross against — segnare con una croce [name, item]
"put a cross in the box" — "sbarrate la casella", "segnate la casella con una croce"
a cross between Hitler and Napoleon — fig. un incrocio fra Hitler e Napoleone
3) sart. sbieco m.to cut sth. on the cross — tagliare qcs. di sbieco
4) sport (in football) cross m., traversone m.2.1) (angry) arrabbiato, irritato, di cattivo umoreto be cross with sb. — essere seccato con qcn.
to be cross about sth. — essere di cattivo umore per qcs.
to get cross — arrabbiarsi o adirarsi ( with con)
2) (transverse) [ timber] trasversale, obliquo3) (contrary to general direction) [breeze, swell] contrario••II 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (go across) attraversare [road, country, room]; passare, attraversare [ river]; superare, oltrepassare [border, line, mountains]; [ bridge] attraversare, scavalcare [river, road]; [road, railway line, river] tagliare, attraversare [country, desert]; [ line] attraversare, tagliare [ page]2) fig. superare, oltrepassare [limit, boundary]3) (meet) [road, railway line] incrociare, intersecare [road, railway line, river]4) (place in shape of a cross) incrociareto cross one's legs — incrociare o accavallare le gambe
5) biol. bot. zool. incrociare, ibridare7) (draw line across) (s)barrare [ cheque]2.1) (anche cross over) (go across) fare una traversata3.to cross oneself — relig. segnarsi, farsi il segno della croce
••* * *[kros] I adjective(angry: I get very cross when I lose something.)- crosslyII 1. plural - crosses; noun1) (a symbol formed by two lines placed across each other, eg + or x.)2) (two wooden beams placed thus (+), on which Christ was nailed.)3) (the symbol of the Christian religion.)4) (a lasting cause of suffering etc: Your rheumatism is a cross you will have to bear.)5) (the result of breeding two varieties of animal or plant: This dog is a cross between an alsatian and a labrador.)6) (a monument in the shape of a cross.)7) (any of several types of medal given for bravery etc: the Victoria Cross.)2. verb1) (to go from one side to the other: Let's cross (the street); This road crosses the swamp.)2) ((negative uncross) to place (two things) across each other: He sat down and crossed his legs.)3) (to go or be placed across (each other): The roads cross in the centre of town.)4) (to meet and pass: Our letters must have crossed in the post.)5) (to put a line across: Cross your `t's'.)6) (to make (a cheque or postal order) payable only through a bank by drawing two parallel lines across it.)7) (to breed (something) from two different varieties: I've crossed two varieties of rose.)8) (to go against the wishes of: If you cross me, you'll regret it!)•- cross-- crossing
- crossbow
- cross-breed
- cross-bred
- crosscheck 3. noun(the act of crosschecking.) controllo accurato, riscontro- cross-country skiing
- cross-examine
- cross-examination
- cross-eyed
- cross-fire
- at cross-purposes
- cross-refer
- cross-reference
- crossroads
- cross-section
- crossword puzzle
- crossword
- cross one's fingers
- cross out* * *(Surnames) Cross /krɒs, USA krɑ:s/* * *I 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (shape) croce f.the Cross — relig. la Croce
to put a cross against — segnare con una croce [name, item]
"put a cross in the box" — "sbarrate la casella", "segnate la casella con una croce"
a cross between Hitler and Napoleon — fig. un incrocio fra Hitler e Napoleone
3) sart. sbieco m.to cut sth. on the cross — tagliare qcs. di sbieco
4) sport (in football) cross m., traversone m.2.1) (angry) arrabbiato, irritato, di cattivo umoreto be cross with sb. — essere seccato con qcn.
to be cross about sth. — essere di cattivo umore per qcs.
to get cross — arrabbiarsi o adirarsi ( with con)
2) (transverse) [ timber] trasversale, obliquo3) (contrary to general direction) [breeze, swell] contrario••II 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (go across) attraversare [road, country, room]; passare, attraversare [ river]; superare, oltrepassare [border, line, mountains]; [ bridge] attraversare, scavalcare [river, road]; [road, railway line, river] tagliare, attraversare [country, desert]; [ line] attraversare, tagliare [ page]2) fig. superare, oltrepassare [limit, boundary]3) (meet) [road, railway line] incrociare, intersecare [road, railway line, river]4) (place in shape of a cross) incrociareto cross one's legs — incrociare o accavallare le gambe
5) biol. bot. zool. incrociare, ibridare7) (draw line across) (s)barrare [ cheque]2.1) (anche cross over) (go across) fare una traversata3.to cross oneself — relig. segnarsi, farsi il segno della croce
•• -
16 cross
I 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (shape) croce f.the Cross — relig. la Croce
to put a cross against — segnare con una croce [name, item]
"put a cross in the box" — "sbarrate la casella", "segnate la casella con una croce"
a cross between Hitler and Napoleon — fig. un incrocio fra Hitler e Napoleone
3) sart. sbieco m.to cut sth. on the cross — tagliare qcs. di sbieco
4) sport (in football) cross m., traversone m.2.1) (angry) arrabbiato, irritato, di cattivo umoreto be cross with sb. — essere seccato con qcn.
to be cross about sth. — essere di cattivo umore per qcs.
to get cross — arrabbiarsi o adirarsi ( with con)
2) (transverse) [ timber] trasversale, obliquo3) (contrary to general direction) [breeze, swell] contrario••II 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (go across) attraversare [road, country, room]; passare, attraversare [ river]; superare, oltrepassare [border, line, mountains]; [ bridge] attraversare, scavalcare [river, road]; [road, railway line, river] tagliare, attraversare [country, desert]; [ line] attraversare, tagliare [ page]2) fig. superare, oltrepassare [limit, boundary]3) (meet) [road, railway line] incrociare, intersecare [road, railway line, river]4) (place in shape of a cross) incrociareto cross one's legs — incrociare o accavallare le gambe
5) biol. bot. zool. incrociare, ibridare7) (draw line across) (s)barrare [ cheque]2.1) (anche cross over) (go across) fare una traversata3.to cross oneself — relig. segnarsi, farsi il segno della croce
••* * *[kros] I adjective(angry: I get very cross when I lose something.)- crosslyII 1. plural - crosses; noun1) (a symbol formed by two lines placed across each other, eg + or x.)2) (two wooden beams placed thus (+), on which Christ was nailed.)3) (the symbol of the Christian religion.)4) (a lasting cause of suffering etc: Your rheumatism is a cross you will have to bear.)5) (the result of breeding two varieties of animal or plant: This dog is a cross between an alsatian and a labrador.)6) (a monument in the shape of a cross.)7) (any of several types of medal given for bravery etc: the Victoria Cross.)2. verb1) (to go from one side to the other: Let's cross (the street); This road crosses the swamp.)2) ((negative uncross) to place (two things) across each other: He sat down and crossed his legs.)3) (to go or be placed across (each other): The roads cross in the centre of town.)4) (to meet and pass: Our letters must have crossed in the post.)5) (to put a line across: Cross your `t's'.)6) (to make (a cheque or postal order) payable only through a bank by drawing two parallel lines across it.)7) (to breed (something) from two different varieties: I've crossed two varieties of rose.)8) (to go against the wishes of: If you cross me, you'll regret it!)•- cross-- crossing
- crossbow
- cross-breed
- cross-bred
- crosscheck 3. noun(the act of crosschecking.) controllo accurato, riscontro- cross-country skiing
- cross-examine
- cross-examination
- cross-eyed
- cross-fire
- at cross-purposes
- cross-refer
- cross-reference
- crossroads
- cross-section
- crossword puzzle
- crossword
- cross one's fingers
- cross out* * *cross (1) /krɒs/n.1 croce ( segno, oggetto, simbolo): Maltese Cross, croce di Malta; the Cross and the Crescent, la Croce e la Mezzaluna; (mil., in GB) the Distinguished Service Cross, la Croce al Valor Militare; to mark with a cross, segnare con una croce; to put a cross against a name, segnare un nome con una croce4 (zool., bot.) incrocio; ibrido: The mule is a cross between a mare and an ass, il mulo è l'incrocio d'una cavalla con un asino5 (fig.) incrocio; via di mezzo; (un) misto: The taste is a cross between yoghurt and cream cheese, il sapore è una via di mezzo tra lo yogurt e il formaggio burroso7 (mecc.) crociera; raccordo a croce● (relig.) cross-bearer, portatore di croce; crocifero □ cross-shaped, cruciforme □ to make one's cross, fare una croce ( in luogo della firma) □ on the cross, diagonalmente; ( anche sartoria) di sbieco; (fam. USA) (in modo) disonesto □ (stor.) to take the cross, farsi crociato □ (fig.) to take up one's cross, accettare (con rassegnazione) la propria croce.cross (2) /krɒs/a.1 arrabbiato; irritato; di cattivo umore; iroso: to be cross with sb., essere arrabbiato con q.; a cross word, una parola irosa● ( Si veda anche sotto i singoli lemmi) (leg.) cross appeal, appello incidentale □ (naut.) cross bearing, rilevamento incrociato □ (geol.) cross-bedding, stratificazione incrociata □ (polit., GB) cross bench, banco di deputato indipendente ( alla Camera dei Lord) □ (polit., GB) cross-bencher, deputato indipendente □ cross-border, transfrontaliero; tra Stati confinanti; con l'estero; estero; straniero: (fin.) cross-border merger, incorporazione di società straniere; cross-border worker, frontaliere □ (edil.) cross bracing, controvento □ (leg.) cross-claim, domanda riconvenzionale □ (comput.) cross compiler, compilatore incrociato □ ( boxe) cross counter, colpo d'incontro □ (GB) cross-curricular, multidisciplinare □ cross-dating, datazione incrociata □ (med.) cross-dominance, lateralità incrociata □ (rag.) cross entry, trasferimento d'una somma ad altro conto □ cross hairs, reticolo ( di arma da fuoco o su schermo di computer) □ (mecc.) cross-head screwdriver, giravite a testa obliqua □ (fin.) cross holding, partecipazione incrociata □ (chim.) cross link, legame trasversale □ (med.) cross-matching technique, tecnica della prova crociata ( del sangue) □ (fin.) cross participation, partecipazione incrociata □ (mecc.) cross-peen hammer, martello da meccanico □ (mat.) cross product, prodotto vettoriale □ (fin.) cross rate, corso ( di cambio) indiretto; parità indiretta □ (mat.) cross ratio, birapporto □ ( sport) cross shot, ( calcio) tiro trasversale, traversone; ( tennis, ecc.) tiro angolato □ ( USA) cross street, (strada) traversa □ cross stroke, frego ( a penna); ( sport: golf, ecc.) tiro trasversale □ (polit.) cross voting, voto trasversale □ cross wires, reticolo □ (fam. GB) as cross as two sticks, irritatissimo; d'umore nero □ at cross purposes, senza capirsi; fraintendendosi: to talk at cross purposes, parlare senza capirsi; fraintendersi.♦ (to) cross /krɒs/A v. t.1 attraversare: to cross a road [the sea], attraversare una strada [il mare]2 attraversare; passare su; passare per: A worried look crossed her face, un'espressione preoccupata le si disegnò sul viso; It has never crossed my mind, non mi è mai passato per la testa3 oltrepassare; superare: to cross the gender divide, superare le differenze di sesso; to cross the bounds of decency, superare i limiti della decenza4 incrociare; intersecare; tagliare; sbarrare: to cross two wires, incrociare due fili; Broadway crosses Seventh Avenue at Times Square, Broadway interseca la Settima Avenue a Times Square; to cross one's «t's», tagliare le (o fare il taglietto alle) «t»; to cross one's arms, incrociare le braccia; to cross one's legs, incrociare le gambe; ( su una sedia) accavallare le gambe; to cross one's fingers, incrociare le dita ( per scaramanzia); My previous letter crossed yours, la mia lettera precedente ha incrociato la tua; to cross each other, incrociarsi; intersecarsi5 fare una croce su; sbarrare: to cross a name, fare una croce su un nome; to cross a ballot paper, mettere la croce su una scheda elettorale; ( banca) to cross a cheque, sbarrare un assegno6 contrariare; contrastare; opporsi a: Nobody likes to be crossed, a nessuno piace essere contrariato; to cross sb. 's plans, contrastare i piani di q.7 (bot., zool.) incrociare, ibridareB v. i.1 fare una traversata: I crossed by hovercraft from Ramsgate to Calais, feci la traversata sull'hovercraft da Ramsgate a Calais2 andare, recarsi ( attraversando un confine, il mare, ecc.); passare; entrare: We crossed into Austria, siamo entrati in Austria3 incrociarsi: We crossed on the street, ci siamo incrociati per strada; Our letters crossed in the post, le nostre lettere si sono incrociate● Cross!, avanti! ( ai semafori pedonali) □ (polit., GB) to cross the floor, passare all'opposizione (o dalla parte del governo); votare per il partito avverso □ to cross sb. 's hand = to cross sb.'s palm ► sotto □ to cross one's heart, mettersi una mano sul cuore ( per asseverare): Cross my heart ( and hope to die)!, mi venga un colpo ( se non è vero, se sono stato io, ecc.) □ (relig.) to cross oneself, farsi il segno della croce; segnarsi □ (fig.) to cross sb. 's palm with silver, dare soldi a ( una chiromante, ecc., che legge la mano); (scherz.) ungere q., allungare una bustarella a q. □ to cross sb. 's path, trovarsi sulla strada di q.; sbarrare la strada a q. □ (fig.) to cross one's «t's» and dot one's «i's», controllare tutti i dettagli; essere molto preciso □ ( anche fig.) to cross swords with sb., incrociare la spada con q. □ (fig.) We'll cross that bridge when we come to it, ci occuperemo di quella faccenda quando sarà il momento.* * *I 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (shape) croce f.the Cross — relig. la Croce
to put a cross against — segnare con una croce [name, item]
"put a cross in the box" — "sbarrate la casella", "segnate la casella con una croce"
a cross between Hitler and Napoleon — fig. un incrocio fra Hitler e Napoleone
3) sart. sbieco m.to cut sth. on the cross — tagliare qcs. di sbieco
4) sport (in football) cross m., traversone m.2.1) (angry) arrabbiato, irritato, di cattivo umoreto be cross with sb. — essere seccato con qcn.
to be cross about sth. — essere di cattivo umore per qcs.
to get cross — arrabbiarsi o adirarsi ( with con)
2) (transverse) [ timber] trasversale, obliquo3) (contrary to general direction) [breeze, swell] contrario••II 1. [krɒs] [AE krɔːs]1) (go across) attraversare [road, country, room]; passare, attraversare [ river]; superare, oltrepassare [border, line, mountains]; [ bridge] attraversare, scavalcare [river, road]; [road, railway line, river] tagliare, attraversare [country, desert]; [ line] attraversare, tagliare [ page]2) fig. superare, oltrepassare [limit, boundary]3) (meet) [road, railway line] incrociare, intersecare [road, railway line, river]4) (place in shape of a cross) incrociareto cross one's legs — incrociare o accavallare le gambe
5) biol. bot. zool. incrociare, ibridare7) (draw line across) (s)barrare [ cheque]2.1) (anche cross over) (go across) fare una traversata3.to cross oneself — relig. segnarsi, farsi il segno della croce
•• -
17 line
line [laɪn]ligne ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (j)-(o), 1 (r), 1 (v) trait ⇒ 1 (a) ride ⇒ 1 (a) rang ⇒ 1 (c) queue ⇒ 1 (c) mot ⇒ 1 (f) corde ⇒ 1 (g) tuyau ⇒ 1 (h) voie ⇒ 1 (i) frontière ⇒ 1 (p) branche ⇒ 1 (q) chaîne ⇒ 1 (s) lignée ⇒ 1 (t) border ⇒ 2 (a) régler ⇒ 2 (b) doubler ⇒ 2 (c) garnir ⇒ 2 (c), 2 (d)1 noun∎ to draw a line tracer ou tirer une ligne;∎ Sport to beat sb on the line (at the finishing line) coiffer qn au poteau;∎ to score 50 points above/below the line (in bridge) marquer 50 points d'honneur/de marche;∎ there are five lines to a stave une portée est constituée de cinq lignes;∎ his face was covered with lines son visage était plein de rides∎ light travels in a straight line la lumière se propage en ligne droite;∎ it's on a line between Houston and Dallas c'est sur la ligne qui va de Houston à Dallas;∎ the two grooves must be exactly in line les deux rainures doivent être parfaitement alignées;∎ I don't follow your line of thinking je ne suis pas ton raisonnement;∎ to be in the line of fire être dans la ligne de tir;∎ line of sight or of vision ligne f de visée;∎ let's try a different line of attack essayons une approche différente;∎ it's all in the line of duty cela fait partie de mes fonctions;∎ the problems I meet in the line of duty les problèmes auxquels je suis confronté dans l'exercice de mes fonctions;∎ to be killed in the line of duty (policeman) mourir dans l'exercice de ses fonctions; (soldier) mourir au champ d'honneur;∎ British to take the line of least resistance choisir la solution de facilité;∎ there's been a terrible mistake somewhere along the line il s'est produit une erreur grave quelque part;∎ I'll support them all along or right down the line je les soutiendrai jusqu'au bout ou sur toute la ligne;∎ the population is split along religious lines la population est divisée selon des critères religieux;∎ he reorganized the company along more rational lines il a réorganisé l'entreprise sur une base plus rationnelle;∎ we shall take action along the lines suggested nous agirons dans le sens de ce qui a été proposé;∎ another idea along the same lines une autre idée dans le même genre;∎ we seem to be thinking along the same lines il semble que nous voyions les choses de la même façon;∎ to be on the right lines être sur la bonne voie(c) (row → side by side) ligne f, rang m, rangée f; (→ one behind another) rang m, file f; American (queue) file f (d'attente), queue f;∎ a line of traffic une colonne de véhicules;∎ to fall or get into line, to form a line (people) se mettre en ligne; (children) se mettre en rang; (soldiers) former les rangs;∎ stand in line, children mettez-vous en rang, les enfants;∎ to step into line se mettre en rang;∎ a line of trees une rangée d'arbres;∎ we joined the line at the bus stop nous avons fait la queue à l'arrêt de bus;∎ they wanted to be first in line ils voulaient être les premiers dans la file d'attente;∎ figurative he's in line for promotion il est sur les rangs pour une promotion;∎ he's next in line for promotion la prochaine promotion sera pour lui;∎ he's first in line for the throne c'est l'héritier du trône;∎ to be on the line (job, reputation) être en jeu;∎ to put one's job/reputation on the line mettre son travail/sa réputation en jeu;∎ to lay one's reputation/life on the line (for sb/sth) mettre sa réputation/vie en jeu (pour qn/qch)∎ it's in/out of line with company policy c'est conforme/ce n'est pas conforme à la politique de la société;∎ it's more or less in line with what we'd expected cela correspond plus ou moins à nos prévisions;∎ to bring wages into line with inflation actualiser les salaires en fonction de l'inflation;∎ the rebels have been brought into line les rebelles ont été mis au pas;∎ to fall into line with government policy accepter la politique gouvernementale;∎ to step out of line s'écarter du droit chemin∎ new line (in dictation) à la ligne;∎ Computing a 20-line program un programme de 20 lignes;∎ School she gave me 100 lines elle m'a donné 100 lignes (à faire);∎ she quoted a line from Wordsworth elle a cité un vers de Wordsworth;∎ I only have two lines in the whole play! je n'ai que deux répliques dans toute la pièce!;∎ he forgot his lines il a oublié son texte;∎ he gave me the usual line about his wife not understanding him il m'a fait son numéro habituel comme quoi sa femme ne le comprend pas;∎ to drop sb a line envoyer un mot à qn∎ to hang the washing on the line mettre le linge à sécher, étendre le linge;∎ your clothes are out on the line tes vêtements sont sur la corde à linge∎ the train left the line le train a déraillé(j) (travel route) ligne f;∎ underground line ligne f de métro;∎ there's a new coach line to London il y a un nouveau service d'autocars pour Londres;∎ to keep the lines of communication open maintenir ouvertes les lignes de communication;∎ shipping line compagnie f de navigation(k) Electricity ligne f;∎ the power lines have been cut les lignes électriques ont été coupées;∎ the lines are still down after the gale les lignes n'ont pas été rétablies depuis la tempête;∎ the power station comes on line in June la centrale entre en service en juin(l) Telecommunications ligne f;∎ the line went dead la communication a été coupée;∎ I was on the line to Paris je téléphonais à Paris;∎ all the lines to London are busy toutes les lignes pour Londres sont occupées;∎ then a voice came on the other end of the line alors une voix a répondu à l'autre bout du fil;∎ I have Laura on the line j'ai Laura en ligne;∎ a direct line to Washington une ligne directe avec Washington;∎ hold the line ne quittez pas;∎ there's someone on the line il y a quelqu'un sur la ligne;∎ the line's very bad la communication est mauvaise;∎ she's on the other line elle est sur l'autre ligne;∎ Computing on line en ligne∎ the graceful line or lines of the new model la ligne harmonieuse du nouveau modèle;∎ can you explain the main or broad lines of the project to me? pouvez-vous m'expliquer les grandes lignes du projet?∎ they took a hard or tough line on terrorism ils ont adopté une politique de fermeté envers le terrorisme;∎ the opposition takes a harder line on this issue l'opposition a une politique plus dure sur cette question;∎ to follow or to toe the party line suivre la ligne du parti;∎ what line are you going to take? quel parti allez-vous prendre?;∎ we must take a firm line with such people il nous faut être ferme avec des gens comme ça∎ they struggled vainly to hold the line ils ont vainement tenté de maintenir leur position;∎ battle lines lignes fpl de bataille;∎ to infiltrate enemy lines infiltrer les lignes ennemies;∎ regiment/ship of the line régiment m/navire m de ligne(p) (boundary) frontière f, limite f;∎ the distant line of the horizon la ligne lointaine de l'horizon;∎ the (dividing) line between frankness and rudeness la limite entre la franchise et l'impolitesse;∎ to overstep the line dépasser la mesure;∎ the poverty line le seuil de pauvreté;∎ they crossed the state line into Nevada ils ont franchi la frontière du Nevada;∎ to cross the Line (equator) traverser l'équateur∎ she's in the same line (of work) as you elle travaille dans la même branche que toi;∎ what line (of business) are you in?, what's your line (of business)? qu'est-ce que vous faites dans la vie?;∎ if you need anything doing in the plumbing line si vous avez besoin de faire faire des travaux de plomberie;∎ that's not my line ce n'est pas mon rayon;∎ that's more in Katy's line c'est plus du domaine de Katy;∎ opera isn't really my line l'opéra n'est pas vraiment mon genre(r) (range → of products) ligne f;∎ a new line of office furniture une nouvelle ligne de meubles de bureau;∎ they produce or do an interesting line in chairs ils produisent une gamme intéressante de chaises;∎ familiar a rice pudding or something in that line un gâteau de riz ou quelque chose dans ce genre(-là)(s) (production line) chaîne f;∎ the new model will be coming off the line in May le nouveau modèle sortira de l'usine en mai(t) (lineage, ancestry) lignée f;∎ line of descent filiation f;∎ to be descended in (a) direct line from sb descendre en droite ligne de qn;∎ the Windsor line la lignée des Windsor;∎ the title is transmitted by the male line le titre se transmet par les hommes;∎ he comes from a long line of doctors il est issu d'une longue lignée de médecins∎ I'll try and get a line on what actually happened j'essaierai d'avoir des tuyaux sur ce qui s'est réellement passé;∎ the police have got a line on him la police sait des choses sur lui(a) (road, river) border;∎ the avenue is lined with trees l'avenue est bordée d'arbres;∎ crowds lined the streets la foule était ou s'était massée sur les trottoirs∎ lined with silk doublé de soie;∎ the tissue that lines the digestive tract la paroi interne de l'appareil digestif;∎ you need something to line your stomach il faut que tu avales quelque chose avant;∎ Cookery line the baking tin with pastry disposez la pâte dans le moule;∎ walls lined with books des murs tapissés de livres;∎ familiar to line one's (own) pockets s'en mettre plein les poches(d) Technology (bearing) garnir, recouvrir; (brakes) garnir; (wall, furnace) revêtir, incruster; (well) cuveler;∎ to line a shaft with metal blinder un puits;∎ the tubes are lined with plastic l'intérieur des tubes est revêtu d'une couche de plastique►► Marketing line addition ajout m à la ligne;Typography line block cliché m au trait;Computing line break saut m de ligne;line call (in tennis) décision f du juge de ligne;Computing line command ligne f de commande;Finance line of credit ligne f de crédit, ligne f de découvert;line dancing = danse de style country effectuée en rangs;Marketing line differentiation différenciation f de ligne;line drawing dessin m au trait;Sport line drive (in baseball) flèche f;Typography & Computing line end fin f de ligne;Typography & Computing line end hyphen tiret m de fin de ligne;line engraving gravure f au trait;Marketing line extension extension f de ligne;Computing line feed changement m de ligne;American line fence clôture f;Marketing line filling consolidation f de ligne;line fishing pêche f à la ligne;Typography line gauge typomètre m;Sport line judge juge m de ligne;Commerce line management organisation f hiérarchique;Commerce line manager chef m hiérarchique;line noise parasites mpl;line organization organisation f hiérarchique;Computing line printer imprimante f ligne à ligne;Computing line printout imprimé m ligne à ligne;Theatre line rehearsal lecture f collective;Telecommunications line rental abonnement m;Typography & Computing line space interligne m;∎ three line spaces un triple interligne;Typography & Computing line spacing interlignage m, espacement m de lignes;Marketing line stretching extension f de ligne;Typography & Computing line width longueur f de ligne➲ line up∎ he lined up the troops for inspection il fit aligner les hommes pour passer l'inspection(b) (bring into alignment) aligner;∎ the two grooves must be lined up exactly les deux rainures doivent être parfaitement alignées;∎ he had the pheasant lined up in his sights il avait le faisan dans sa ligne de mire∎ I've got a treat lined up for the kids j'ai préparé une surprise pour les gosses;∎ he's lined up an all-star cast for his new film la distribution de son nouveau film ne comprend que des stars;∎ have you got anyone lined up for the job? avez-vous quelqu'un en vue pour le poste?;∎ what have you got lined up for us? qu'est-ce que vous nous préparez?∎ figurative the Liberals lined up behind the government les libéraux ont apporté leur soutien au gouvernement -
18 order
A n1 ( logical arrangement) ordre m ; a sense of order un sens de l'ordre ; it's in the natural order of things c'est dans l'ordre naturel des choses ; to produce order out of chaos produire de l'ordre à partir du désordre ; to put ou set sth in order mettre qch en ordre [affairs] ; to set ou put one's life in order remettre de l'ordre dans sa vie ;2 ( sequence) ordre m ; to be in alphabetical/chronological order être dans l'ordre alphabétique/chronologique ; to put sth in order classer [files, record cards] ; to put the names in alphabetical order mettre les noms par ordre alphabétique ; in order of priority par ordre de priorité ; in ascending/descending order dans l'ordre croissant/décroissant ; in the right/wrong order dans le bon/mauvais ordre ; to be out of order [files, records] être en désordre, être mélangé ;3 (discipline, control) ordre m ; to restore order rétablir l'ordre ; to keep order [police, government] maintenir l'ordre ; [teacher] maintenir la discipline ; ⇒ law and order, public order ;5 ( command) ordre m, consigne f (to do de faire) ; to give/issue an order donner/lancer un ordre ; to carry out an order exécuter un ordre ; to give an order for the crowd to disperse donner à la foule l'ordre de se disperser ; to be under sb's orders être sous les ordres de qn ; to have ou to be under orders to do avoir (l')ordre de faire ; my orders are to guard the door j'ai l'ordre de surveiller l'entrée ; I have orders not to let anybody through j'ai ordre de ne laisser passer personne ; to take orders from sb recevoir des ordres de qn ; they take their orders from Paris ils reçoivent leurs ordres de Paris ; I won't take orders from you je ne suis pas à vos ordres ; he won't take orders from anybody il ne supporte pas que quiconque lui donne des ordres ; on the orders of the General sur les ordres du Général ; to act on sb's order agir sur l'ordre de qn ; that's an order! c'est un ordre! ; orders are orders les ordres sont les ordres ; until further orders jusqu'à nouvel ordre ;6 Comm ( request to supply) commande f (for de) ; ( in restaurant) commande f (of de) ; to place an order passer une commande ; to put in ou place an order for sth commander qch ; to place an order with sb for sth commander qch à qn ; a grocery order une commande d'épicerie ; a telephone order une commande par téléphone ; a rush/repeat order une commande urgente/renouvelée ; the books are on order les livres ont été commandés ; made to order fait sur commande ; cash with order payable à la commande ;7 ( operational state) to be in good/perfect order être en bon/parfait état ; in working ou running order en état de marche ; to be out of order [phone line] être en dérangement ; [lift, machine] être en panne ;8 ( correct procedure) to call the meeting to order déclarer la séance ouverte ; order! order! un peu de silence, s'il vous plaît! ; to call sb to order rappeler qn à l'ordre ; to be in order [documents, paperwork] être en règle ; the Honourable member is perfectly in order GB Pol Monsieur le député n'enfreint aucunement les règles ; the Speaker ruled the question out of order le Président de l'Assemblée a déclaré que cela était contraire à la procédure ; it is perfectly in order for him to refuse to pay il a tout à fait le droit de refuser de payer ; would it be out of order for me to phone her at home? est-ce que ce serait déplacé de lui téléphoner chez elle? ; your remark was way out of order ta remarque était tout à fait déplacée ; you're well ou way out of order ○ tu dépasses les bornes ; I hear that congratulations are in order il paraît que ça se fait de féliciter ; a toast would seem to be in order il me semble qu'un toast serait le bienvenu ; the order of the day Mil, Pol l'ordre du jour ; economy is the order of the day fig l'économie est à l'ordre du jour ;9 ( taxonomic group) ordre m ;11 (rank, scale) craftsmen of the highest order des artisans de premier ordre ; investment of this order is very welcome les investissements de cet ordre sont tout à fait souhaitables ; talent of this order is rare un tel talent est rare ; the higher/lower orders les classes supérieures/inférieures ; of the order of 15% GB, in the order of 15% US de l'ordre de 15% ;12 Jur ( decree) ordre m ; an order of the Court un ordre du tribunal ; by order of the Minister par ordre du ministre ;13 Fin pay to the order of T. Williams (on cheque, draft) payer à l'ordre de T. Williams ; ⇒ banker's order, money order, postal order, standing order ;14 ( on Stock Exchange) ordre m (de Bourse) ; buying/selling order ordre m d'achat/de vente ; limit order ordre m (à cours) limité ; stop order ordre m stop ;15 GB (honorary association, title) ordre m (of de) ; she was awarded the Order of the Garter on lui a conféré l'Ordre de la Jarretière ;16 Archit ordre m ;17 Mil ( formation) ordre m ; ( clothing) tenue f ; battle order ordre m de bataille ; close order ordre m serré ; short-sleeve order tenue f d'été.B orders npl Relig ordres mpl ; major/minor orders les ordres majeurs/mineurs ; to be in Holy order être dans les ordres ; to take Holy orders entrer dans les ordres.C in order that conj phr ( with the same subject) afin de (+ infinitive), pour (+ infinitive) ; ( with different subjects) afin que (+ subj), pour que (+ subj) ; I've come in order that I might help you je suis venu pour t'aider ; he brought the proofs in order that I might check them il a apporté les épreuves pour que je puisse les vérifier.D in order to prep phr pour (+ infinitive), afin de (+ infinitive) ; he came in order to talk to me il est venu pour me parler ; I'll leave in order not to disturb you je partirai pour ne pas te déranger.E vtr1 ( command) ordonner [inquiry, retrial, investigation] ; to order sb to do ordonner à qn de faire ; to order the closure/delivery of sth ordonner la fermeture/livraison de qch ; to order sb home/to bed donner à qn l'ordre de rentrer chez lui/d'aller se coucher ; to order sth to be done donner l'ordre de faire qch ; to order that sth be done ordonner que qch soit fait ; the council ordered the building to be demolished le conseil municipal a ordonné la démolition de ce bâtiment ; the soldiers were ordered to disembark les soldats ont reçu l'ordre de débarquer ; ‘keep quiet,’ she ordered ‘taisez-vous,’ a-t-elle ordonné ;3 ( arrange) organiser [affairs] ; classer [files, cards] ; mettre [qch] dans l'ordre [names, dates].F vi [diner, customer] commander.in short order tout de suite.■ order about, order around:▶ order [sb] around donner des ordres à qn ; he loves ordering people around il adore donner des ordres ; you've got no right to order me around je n'ai pas d'ordre à recevoir de vous.▶ order [sb] off [referee] expulser [player] ; to order sb off ordonner à qn de quitter [land, grass].■ order out:▶ order [sb] out -
19 touch
1. verb1) (to be in, come into, or make, contact with something else: Their shoulders touched; He touched the water with his foot.) berøre, røre (ved), ta på2) (to feel (lightly) with the hand: He touched her cheek.) røre (ved), berøre3) (to affect the feelings of; to make (someone) feel pity, sympathy etc: I was touched by her generosity.) røre4) (to be concerned with; to have anything to do with: I wouldn't touch a job like that.) røre, ha med å gjøre2. noun1) (an act or sensation of touching: I felt a touch on my shoulder.) berøring, anstrøk2) ((often with the) one of the five senses, the sense by which we feel things: the sense of touch; The stone felt cold to the touch.) berøringssans3) (a mark or stroke etc to improve the appearance of something: The painting still needs a few finishing touches.) strøk, siste finpuss4) (skill or style: He hasn't lost his touch as a writer.) grep, håndlag5) ((in football) the ground outside the edges of the pitch (which are marked out with touchlines): He kicked the ball into touch.) utenfor banen•- touching- touchingly
- touchy
- touchily
- touchiness
- touch screen
- in touch with
- in touch
- lose touch with
- lose touch
- out of touch with
- out of touch
- a touch
- touch down
- touch off
- touch up
- touch woodberøringIsubst. \/tʌtʃ\/1) berøring, streifing, lett støt, lett slag2) forbindelse, kontakt, føling3) berøringssansdet føles kaldt \/ det er kaldt å ta på4) ( kunst) penselstrøk, pennestrøk5) ( overført) (karakteristisk) drag, (typisk) trekk, moment, detalj6) anelse, anstrøk, antydning, drag, skjær, spor, snev, tanke, smule, glimt, streif, stenk, snert7) (om maskinskriving, musikk e.l.) anslag, måte å slå an på8) ( musikk) (finger)grep9) ( om piano e.l.) anslag10) ( også overført) grep, hånd, håndlag, manér, stil13) ( også overført) sisten17) ( om gull eller sølv) prøving av lødighet18) ( om gull eller sølv) kontrollmerke (som garanti for ekthet), prøvemerke19) ( hverdagslig) kostnad, pengebeløp• the dinner was a £50 touch20) (amer., slang) lån21) (amer., slang) forklaring: forsøk på å bomme penger22) (amer., slang) tyveri23) (amer., slang) bestikkelse24) (amer., slang) lyssky forretninga near\/close touch nære på, på hengende håretat a touch ved den minste berøringbe in touch of eller be within touch of være innen rekkevidde avbe in touch with eller keep in touch with ha føling med, være i kontakt med, ha forbindelse med la høre fra segbe out of touch with eller keep out of touch with ikke ha kontakt med, ikke ha forbindelse med, stå utenforcut up touches (amer.) snakke sammen (spesielt om gamle dager), utveksle gamle minnerget a touch of the sun få lett solstikkget in touch with eller get into touch with få kontakt med, sette seg i forbindelse medgive a touch to røre ved, streife vedgive the finishing touch legge siste hånd på verkethave a light touch være lett på håndenkeep touch with holde kontakten med, være i stadig kontakt medlose touch with miste kontakten med, miste forbindelsen medput in touch with føre sammen med, sette i forbindelse medput to the touch prøve, undersøke (verdi e.l.) ( overført) sette på prøvewin by a touch vinne knapt, vinne hårfintIIverb \/tʌtʃ\/1) berøre, ta på, streife, røre ved, komme borti, kjenne på, røre• I never touched him!2) ( overført) berøre, streife, røre ved, komme inn på3) ( musikk) slå an4) grense til, støte sammen, ligge inntil, berøre hverandre, grense (opp) til hverandre, tangere hverandre5) nå, nå frem til, nå opp til, stige til, synke til, komme opp i, være oppe i• he touches £20,000 a year6) ( overført) måle seg med, komme opp på siden av, komme på høyde med7) smake, røre8) ( overført) bevege, røre (dypt), berøre, gjøre et dypt inntrykk på, gripe9) ha noe å gjøre med, ha befatning med11) angripe, skade lett12) såre lett, skade lett13) såre, krenke, støte14) (i nektende setn.) ta på, bite på15) skissere, markere (med lett strek), trekke opp (en kontur e.l.)
См. также в других словарях:
you — [[t]juː[/t]] ♦ yous (You is the second person pronoun. You can refer to one or more people and is used as the subject of a verb or the object of a verb or preposition.) 1) PRON A speaker or writer uses you to refer to the person or people that… … English dictionary
different — 1. Fowler wrote in 1926 that insistence ‘that different can only be followed by from and not by to is a superstition’. It is in fact a 20c superstition that refuses to go away, despite copious evidence for the use of to and than dating back to… … Modern English usage
You Only Move Twice — The Simpsons episode Scorpio threatens Mr. Bont while Homer stands in the background completely oblivious. Episode no. 155 … Wikipedia
You Can't Take It with You — This article is about the play. For the film, see You Can t Take It With You (film). For the album by As Tall As Lions, see You Can t Take It with You (album). You Can t Take It With You Written by George S. Kaufman Moss Hart Characters Alice… … Wikipedia
Can You Do Me Good? — Infobox Album | Name = Can You Do Me Good? Type = Album Artist = Del Amitri Released = April 8, 2002 Recorded = Glasgow; Sheffield; London; Rochesterdn; New Jersey Genre = AC Rock Length = 49:42 Label = Mercury Records Producer = Kevin Bacon… … Wikipedia
I'm with You (album) — I m with You Studio album by Red Hot Chili Peppers Released August 2 … Wikipedia
The Five People You Meet in Heaven — Infobox Book | name = The Five People You Meet in Heaven title orig = translator = image caption = First edition cover to the novel author = Mitch Albom cover artist = country = United States language = English series = genre = Novel publisher =… … Wikipedia
Are You Afraid of the Dark? — Format Horror/fantasy Created by D. J. MacHale Directed by … Wikipedia
Have I Got News for You — Infobox television show name = Have I Got News for You caption = The titlescreen format = Comedy panel game picture format = 4:3 (1990 – 1998) 16:9 (1998 – present) runtime = 30 minutes (standard) 40 minutes (extended) location = The London… … Wikipedia
Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? — Studio album by Paloma Faith Released 28 September 2009 … Wikipedia
I'm OK, You're OK — and remained there for almost two years. It is estimated to have sold over 15 million copies to dateFact|date=July 2008 and has been translated into over a dozen languagesFact|date=July 2008.ContentIn the opening preface, Harris hails the then… … Wikipedia